An annotated list of ornamentals naturally found infected by Brevipalpus mite-transmitted viruses

The first cases of ornamental plants found infected by Brevipalpus transmitted viruses (BTV) were described in the 1990's from the region of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil; subsequent cases were from other regions in the country and other American countries. Currently, 37 ornamental plant species (for the sake of simplicity, orchids being considered as a single species), belonging to 18 families of dicotyledons, have been reported hosting BTV. Because of the non systemic type of infection of these viruses, the localized diseases they cause are unimportant usually, but they have the potential to cause economic losses if severe outbreaks of Brevipalpus mite populations occur. Some ornamentals may serve as reservoirs to BTV known to cause serious damage to food crops as Citrus leprosis virus- cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C), passion fruit green spot virus (PFGSV) and Coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV).Os primeiros casos de plantas ornamentais encontradas naturalmente infetadas por vírus transmitidos por Brevipalpus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) (VTB) foram registrados nos anos 1990 na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, e ocorrências subseqüentes foram observadas em várias outras regiões do país e de outros países das Américas. Atualmente acham-se relatadas 37 espécies de ornamentais (para efeito de simplificação, orquídeas foram consideradas como única espécie) pertencentes a 18 famílias botânicas. Pelo fato de causarem apenas infecções localizadas, geralmente nas folhas, VTB em ornamentais não causam preocupações aos produtores, mas potencialmente podem causar perdas econômicas se ocorrerem explosões populacionais do ácaro vetor. Plantas ornamentais podem servir de reservatório de VTB de importância econômica como os vírus da leprose dos citros-tipo citoplasmático (CiLV-C), da mancha verde do maracujá (PFGSV) e da mancha anular do cafeeiro (CoRSV)

Permeability of biological and synthetic molecules through dentine

The diffusion through dentine by a number of biological and synthetic molecules, including resins and dyes, is reported. In vitro measurements were derived by experiments with a modified ‘split-chamber device’. Diffusion was found to be indirectly proportional to dentine thickness for all molecules. Permeability of water-soluble molecules and ethanol-soluble molecules was proportional to the molecular weights, except for fluorescein, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and urethane dimethacrylate. The resin components tested are not soluble enough in an aqueous medium to diffuse through 0.5 mm dentine at sufficient concentrations to cause cytotoxicity to pulpal cells.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71760/1/j.1365-2842.1994.tb01162.x.pd

Cytotoxicity of components of resins and other dental restorative materials

Cytotoxicity testing of dental restorative materials must be viewed as an assessment of hazards, that is the potential of the material to cause pulpal problems. In this context, composites, glass ionomers, amalgams, zinc-based cements and peroxide bleaching agents are all possible hazards to the pulp. The risks that these materials will cause pulpal toxicity in vivo can be partly estimated by assessing the cytotoxicity of the substances which are released from these materials in vitro and comparing these cytotoxic concentrations with those concentrations that are present in vivo . The resin components of composites, metal ions and hydrogen peroxide, all of which are released from dental restorative materials, have been shown to be cytotoxic in vitro in sufficient concentrations. The potencies of these substances are quite diverse. However, the Cytotoxicity of these substances in usage tests, and therefore the risks of pulpal toxicity, depends on their ability to diffuse through the dentine and accumulate in the pulp.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74183/1/j.1365-2842.1994.tb01159.x.pd