1,671 research outputs found
Apollo experience report: Assessment of metabolic expenditures
A significant effort was made to assess the metabolic expenditure for extravehicular activity on the lunar surface. After evaluation of the real-time data available to the flight controller during extravehicular activity, three independent methods of metabolic assessment were chosen based on the relationship between heart rate and metabolic production, between oxygen consumption and metabolic production, and between the thermodynamics of the liquid-cooled garment and metabolic production. The metabolic assessment procedure is analyzed and discussed. Real-time use of this information by the Apollo flight surgeon is discussed. Results and analyses of the Apollo missions and comments concerning future applications are included
On Charge-3 Cyclic Monopoles
We determine the spectral curve of charge 3 BPS su(2) monopoles with C_3
cyclic symmetry. The symmetry means that the genus 4 spectral curve covers a
(Toda) spectral curve of genus 2. A well adapted homology basis is presented
enabling the theta functions and monopole data of the genus 4 curve to be given
in terms of genus 2 data. The Richelot correspondence, a generalization of the
arithmetic mean, is used to solve for this genus 2 curve. Results of other
approaches are compared.Comment: 34 pages, 16 figures. Revision: Abstract added and a few small
change
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Calcium puffs are generic InsP<sub>3</sub>-activated elementary calcium signals and are downregulated by prolonged hormonal stimulation to inhibit cellular calcium responses
Elementary Ca2+ signals, such as "Ca2+ puffs", which arise from the activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, are building blocks for local and global Ca2+ signalling. We characterized Ca2+ puffs in six cell types that expressed differing ratios of the three inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor isoforms. The amplitudes, spatial spreads and kinetics of the events were similar in each of the cell types. The resemblance of Ca2+ puffs in these cell types suggests that they are a generic elementary Ca2+ signal and, furthermore, that the different inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate isoforms are functionally redundant at the level of subcellular Ca2+ signalling. Hormonal stimulation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and HeLa cells for several hours downregulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate expression and concomitantly altered the properties of the Ca2+ puffs. The amplitude and duration of Ca2+ puffs were substantially reduced. In addition, the number of Ca2+ puff sites active during the onset of a Ca2+ wave declined. The consequence of the changes in Ca2+ puff properties was that cells displayed a lower propensity to trigger regenerative Ca2+ waves. Therefore, Ca2+ puffs underlie inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signalling in diverse cell types and are focal points for regulation of cellular responses
Basal melt of the southern Filchner Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Basal melt of ice shelves is a key factor governing discharge of ice from the Antarctic Ice Sheet as a result of its effects on buttressing. Here, we use radio echo sounding to determine the spatial variability of the basal melt rate of the southern Filchner Ice Shelf, Antarctica, along the inflow of Support Force Glacier. We find moderate melt rates with a maximum of 1.13 m/a about 50 km downstream of the grounding line. The variability of the melt rates over distances of a few kilometres is low (all but one <0.15 m/a at 2 km distance), indicating that measurements on coarse observational grids are able to yield a representative melt rate distribution. A comparison with remote-sensing-based melt rates revealed that, for the study area, large differences were due to inaccuracies in the estimation of vertical strain rates from remote sensing velocity fields. These inaccuracies can be overcome by using modern velocity fields
Exact and explicit probability densities for one-sided Levy stable distributions
We study functions g_{\alpha}(x) which are one-sided, heavy-tailed Levy
stable probability distributions of index \alpha, 0< \alpha <1, of fundamental
importance in random systems, for anomalous diffusion and fractional kinetics.
We furnish exact and explicit expression for g_{\alpha}(x), 0 \leq x < \infty,
satisfying \int_{0}^{\infty} exp(-p x) g_{\alpha}(x) dx = exp(-p^{\alpha}),
p>0, for all \alpha = l/k < 1, with k and l positive integers. We reproduce all
the known results given by k\leq 4 and present many new exact solutions for k >
4, all expressed in terms of known functions. This will allow a 'fine-tuning'
of \alpha in order to adapt g_{\alpha}(x) to a given experimental situation.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures and 1 tabl
Lithostratigraphy of the Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup), South Africa
The Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort Formation of the Pretoria Group is a lava-dominated unit that has a basin-wide
extent throughout the Transvaal sub-basin of South Africa. Additional correlative units may be present in the Kanye
sub-basin of Botswana. The key characteristic of the formation is its general geochemical uniformity. Volcaniclastic
and other sedimentary rocks are relatively rare throughout the succession but may be dominant in some locations.
Hekpoort Formation outcrops are sporadic throughout the basin and mostly occur in the form of gentle hills and
valleys, mainly encircling Archaean domes and the Palaeoproterozoic Bushveld Complex (BC). The unit is exposed
in the western Pretoria Group basin, sitting unconformably either on the Timeball Hill Formation or Boshoek
Formation, which is lenticular there, and on top of the Boshoek Formation in the east of the basin. The unit is
unconformably overlain by the Dwaalheuwel Formation. The type-locality for the Hekpoort Formation is the Hekpoort
farm (504 IQ Hekpoort), ca. 60 km to the west-southwest of Pretoria. However, no stratotype has ever been proposed.
A lectostratotype, i.e., the Mooikloof area in Pretoria East, that can be enhanced by two reference stratotypes are
proposed herein. The Hekpoort Formation was deposited in a cratonic subaerial setting, forming a large igneous
province (LIP) in which short-termed localised ponds and small braided river systems existed. It therefore forms one
of the major Palaeoproterozoic magmatic events on the Kaapvaal Craton.http://sajg.geoscienceworld.orgam2021Geolog
The power-law relation between inclusion aspect ratio and porosity: Implications for electrical and elastic modeling
Stable hydrogenated graphene edge types: Normal and reconstructed Klein edges
Hydrogenated graphene edges are assumed to be either armchair, zigzag or a
combination of the two. We show that the zigzag is not the most stable fully
hydrogenated structure along the direction. Instead hydrogenated Klein
and reconstructed Klein based edges are found to be energetically more
favourable, with stabilities approaching that of armchair edges. These new
structures "unify" graphene edge topology, the most stable flat hydrogenated
graphene edges always consisting of pairwise bonded C2H4 edge groups,
irrespective the edge orientation. When edge rippling is included, CH3 edge
groups are most stable. These new fundamental hydrogen terminated edges have
important implications for graphene edge imaging and spectroscopy, as well as
mechanisms for graphene growth, nanotube cutting, and nanoribbon formation and
behaviour.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT
Clinical and molecular genetic features of pulmonary hypertension in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
BACKGROUND: Most patients with familial primary pulmonary hypertension have defects in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPR2), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of receptors. Because patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia may have lung disease that is indistinguishable from primary pulmonary hypertension, we investigated the genetic basis of lung disease in these patients.
METHODS: We evaluated members of five kindreds plus one individual patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and identified 10 cases of pulmonary hypertension. In the two largest families, we used microsatellite markers to test for linkage to genes encoding TGF-beta-receptor proteins, including endoglin and activin-receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), and BMPR2. In subjects with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary hypertension, we also scanned ALK1 and BMPR2 for mutations.
RESULTS: We identified suggestive linkage of pulmonary hypertension with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia on chromosome 12q13, a region that includes ALK1. We identified amino acid changes in activin-receptor-like kinase 1 that were inherited in subjects who had a disorder with clinical and histologic features indistinguishable from those of primary pulmonary hypertension. Immunohistochemical analysis in four subjects and one control showed pulmonary vascular endothelial expression of activin-receptor-like kinase 1 in normal and diseased pulmonary arteries.
CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary hypertension in association with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia can involve mutations in ALK1. These mutations are associated with diverse effects, including the vascular dilatation characteristic of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and the occlusion of small pulmonary arteries that is typical of primary pulmonary hypertension
Analysis of Localization Phenomena in Weakly Interacting Disordered Lattice Gases
Disorder plays a crucial role in many systems particularly in solid state
physics. However, the disorder in a particular system can usually not be chosen
or controlled. We show that the unique control available for ultracold atomic
gases may be used for the production and observation of disordered quantum
degenerate gases. A detailed analysis of localization effects for two possible
realizations of a disordered potential is presented. In a theoretical analysis
clear localization effects are observed when a superlattice is used to provide
a quasiperiodic disorder. The effects of localization are analyzed by
investigating the superfluid fraction and the localization length within the
system. The theoretical analysis in this paper paves a clear path for the
future observation of Anderson-like localization in disordered quantum gases.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figure
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