45 research outputs found

    Size Doesn't Matter: Towards a More Inclusive Philosophy of Biology

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    notes: As the primary author, O’Malley drafted the paper, and gathered and analysed data (scientific papers and talks). Conceptual analysis was conducted by both authors.publication-status: Publishedtypes: ArticlePhilosophers of biology, along with everyone else, generally perceive life to fall into two broad categories, the microbes and macrobes, and then pay most of their attention to the latter. ‘Macrobe’ is the word we propose for larger life forms, and we use it as part of an argument for microbial equality. We suggest that taking more notice of microbes – the dominant life form on the planet, both now and throughout evolutionary history – will transform some of the philosophy of biology’s standard ideas on ontology, evolution, taxonomy and biodiversity. We set out a number of recent developments in microbiology – including biofilm formation, chemotaxis, quorum sensing and gene transfer – that highlight microbial capacities for cooperation and communication and break down conventional thinking that microbes are solely or primarily single-celled organisms. These insights also bring new perspectives to the levels of selection debate, as well as to discussions of the evolution and nature of multicellularity, and to neo-Darwinian understandings of evolutionary mechanisms. We show how these revisions lead to further complications for microbial classification and the philosophies of systematics and biodiversity. Incorporating microbial insights into the philosophy of biology will challenge many of its assumptions, but also give greater scope and depth to its investigations

    The Status and Influence of the Domestic Dog in Towns

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    Animal Housing in Relation to Public Health

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    On Material Removal Regimes for the Shaping of Glass Edges: Force Analysis, Surface Topography and Damage Mechanisms

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    Glass shaping, which corresponds to the removal of the edges of a specimen, is the last finishing operation in glass manufacturing. This process has several functions on the final shaped glass including removing sharp edges, improving mechanical resistance, decreasing surface damage and giving it an aesthetical aspect. This article addresses the effects of working parameters, including grinding forces and consumed power, on surface edge finishing and damage mechanism induced during glass grinding. Microscopic observations and multi-scale analysis have also been conducted to investigate the surface edge characteristics. Experimental results show three damage regimes. The first (regime I) is a partial ductile regime with cutting action accompanied by chip formation. The second (regime II) is a crushing (or fragmentation) regime. The last (regime III) is also a partial ductile regime but by ploughing action with displaced material. The shaped surface obtained in the regime II has a better roughness than that obtained in regime I and III. However, regimes I and III include streaks and form defects which are not present in regime II. Similar to metallic materials, the evolution of force components show a linear relationship between normal and tangential forces. This implicates a constant average contact pressure and friction coefficient (l) between the flat grains and the workpiece

    Correcting the Errors: Volatility Forecast Evaluation Using High-Frequency Data and Realized Volatilities

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    We develop general model-free adjustment procedures for the calculation of unbiased volatility loss functions based on practically feasible realized volatility benchmarks. The procedures, which exploit recent nonparametric asymptotic distributional results, are both easy-to-implement and highly accurate in empirically realistic situations. We also illustrate that properly accounting for the measurement errors in the volatility forecast evaluations reported in the existing literature can result in markedly higher estimates for the true degree of return volatility predictability. Copyright The Econometric Society 2005.
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