REDUCTION OF RISK: A FLIGHT CREW GUIDE TO THE AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION OF WILDLIFE STRIKES TO AIRCRAFT

Each year the world’s airlines lose between $1 billion to$2 billion due to wildlife strikes to aircraft. This is roughly the same level of loss as the carriers pay out each year for lost luggage. One US airline cites its losses at $2 million a month due to engine ingestion alone. The last several years have seen both hull losses to air carrier aircraft and lesser damage caused by such actions as loss of control and runway excursions. Wildlife strike mitigation is a defense in depth: airplane certification/construction standards; action by airport operators to minimize wildlife on and around airports; standards/regulation development by authorities such as ICAO and national regulators. What is missing is affirmative action by airline operators to develop and implement policy which will aid in the mitigation of this risk. As the airline operator, through its employees, is on the tip of the spear with this hazard, sound avoidance and mitigation policies, detailing actions which may be taken by employees, should be implemented. This paper will detail common practices which will reduce/eliminate wildlife strikes or mitigate their impact

REDUCTION OF RISK: A FLIGHT CREW GUIDE TO THE AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION OF WILDLIFE STRIKES TO AIRCRAFT

Each year the world’s airlines lose between $1 billion to$2 billion due to wildlife strikes to aircraft. This is roughly the same level of loss as the carriers pay out each year for lost luggage. One US airline cites its losses at $2 million a month due to engine ingestion alone. The last several years have seen both hull losses to air carrier aircraft and lesser damage caused by such actions as loss of control and runway excursions. Wildlife strike mitigation is a defense in depth: airplane certification/construction standards; action by airport operators to minimize wildlife on and around airports; standards/regulation development by authorities such as ICAO and national regulators. What is missing is affirmative action by airline operators to develop and implement policy which will aid in the mitigation of this risk. As the airline operator, through its employees, is on the tip of the spear with this hazard, sound avoidance and mitigation policies, detailing actions which may be taken by employees, should be implemented. This paper will detail common practices which will reduce/eliminate wildlife strikes or mitigate their impact

Growth Hormone and Reproduction: A Review of Endocrine and Autocrine/Paracrine Interactions

The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments

Structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of VxCr2−xS3(0 <x< 2)

A new family of vanadium-substituted chromium sulfides (VxCr2-xS3, 0 < x < 2) has been prepared and characterized by powder X-ray and neutron diffraction, SQUID magnetometry, electrical resistivity, and Seebeck coefficient measurements. Vanadium substitution leads to a single-phase region with a rhombohedral Cr2S3 structure over the composition range 0.0 < x e 0.75, while at higher vanadium contents (1.6 e x < 2.0) a second single-phase region, in which materials adopt a cation-deficient Cr3S4 structure, is observed. Materials with the Cr2S3 structure all exhibit semiconducting behavior. However, both transport and magnetic properties indicate an increasing degree of electron delocalization with increasing vanadium content in this compositional region. Materials that adopt a Cr3S4-type structure exhibit metallic behavior. Magnetic susceptibility data reveal that all materials undergo a magnetic ordering transition at temperatures in the range 90–118 K. Low-temperature magnetization data suggest that this involves a transition to a ferrimagnetic state

Electric Load Forecast for Ketchikan, Metlakatla, Petersburg, and Wrangell, 1990-2010

The study area is composed of the Alaskan communities of Ketchikan, Metlakatla, Petersburg, and Wrangell. In this report we call the area Lower Southeast Alaska (LSE). Like that of Southeast Alaska as a whole, the LSE economy is built on timber (logging, lumber, and pulp), fishing, and tourism. Hard rock mining is an emerging but still relatively unimportant basic sector. Although the region has felt the positive effects of the statewide oil boom through increased construction of public buildings and government employment at all levels, it is far less reliant on the petroleum industry than is the rest of the state. Instead, the people of Southeast Alaska are heavily exposed to swings in the world market prices of wood and fish products. The tourism industry has been growing steadily. This report provides information and scenarios for projections of electricity usage for these communities.Alaska Energy Authorit

Primary Beam Shape Calibration from Mosaicked, Interferometric Observations

Image quality in mosaicked observations from interferometric radio telescopes is strongly dependent on the accuracy with which the antenna primary beam is calibrated. The next generation of radio telescope arrays such as the Allen Telescope Array (ATA) and the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) have key science goals that involve making large mosaicked observations filled with bright point sources. We present a new method for calibrating the shape of the telescope's mean primary beam that uses the multiple redundant observations of these bright sources in the mosaic. The method has an analytical solution for simple Gaussian beam shapes but can also be applied to more complex beam shapes through $\chi^2$ minimization. One major benefit of this simple, conceptually clean method is that it makes use of the science data for calibration purposes, thus saving telescope time and improving accuracy through simultaneous calibration and observation. We apply the method both to 1.43 GHz data taken during the ATA Twenty Centimeter Survey (ATATS) and to 3.14 GHz data taken during the ATA's Pi Gigahertz Sky Survey (PiGSS). We find that the beam's calculated full width at half maximum (FWHM) values are consistent with the theoretical values, the values measured by several independent methods, and the values from the simulation we use to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on data from future telescopes such as the expanded ATA and the SKA. These results are preliminary, and can be expanded upon by fitting more complex beam shapes. We also investigate, by way of a simulation, the dependence of the accuracy of the telescope's FWHM on antenna number. We find that the uncertainty returned by our fitting method is inversely proportional to the number of antennas in the array.Comment: Accepted by PASP. 8 pages, 8 figure

Technical Report No. 124

This report contains projections and analyses of economic and demographic effects of petroleum exploration and development that may occur in Alaska under the proposed Five-Year program, 1987-1991, for leasing the federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Econometric modeling techniques are used to develop projections for the state of Alaska and the state's Southcentral Region. The projected cumulative effects of the Five-Year Program include an increase of approximately 3 percent in population and employment for both the state and for the Southcentral region. The statewide effects grow during construction of facilities for OCS development and remain relatively constant as petroleum development moves into the operations phase in the late 1990s. Economic activity related to expanded OCS development yields modest new revenues for the state, by the new revenues are not sufficient to offset new demands on public services created by the influx of new residents. The effects grow more slowly in the Southcentral Region, continuing to increase until 2010 to reach or exceed the same percentage increases in population and employment as observed for the state as a whole. The effect of the Five-Year program on Southcentral Region population and employment occurs later than for the state as a whole due to the lags in the multiplier process producing these largely indirect effects.Prepared for Social and Economic Studies Program Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region under Contract Number 14-12-0001-30139Ye

Technical Report Number 115

This report projects cumulative demographic and economic effects expected from the federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and gas lease sale program in Alaska. Econometric modeling techniques are used to develop projections including and excluding OCS exploration and development for the state of Alaska and the state's Southcentral region. The projected cumulative effects of the OCS program include and increase of approximately 3.5 percent in state population and employment and a modest decline in real per capita state expenditures. The statewide employment and population effects grow as OCS development proceeds but diminish very slowly as construction employment declines in the late 1990s. The effects grow more slowly in the Southcentral Region, continuing to increase until 2000 to reach or exceed the same percentage increases in population and employment as observed for the state as a whole. The delayed response is due to the importance of the support sector in projected Alaska economic growth, especially in the Southcentral region.Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region Prepared under contract number 14-12-0001-30139Ye