Characterization and Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids in Citrus Species

Abstract Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants and play important roles in many biological processes. Citrus fruits are rich dietary sources of flavonoids. However, there have been very few reports about the comprehensive metabolic profile and natural diversity of flavonoids in different tissues of various Citrus cultivars. In this study, based on the 7416 metabolic signals detected with non-targeted metabolomics approach, Principal Component Analysis revealed the flavedo has the largest differences from other tissues in metabolite levels; as many as 198 flavonoid signals were then detected in 62 Citrus germplasms from 5 species mainly cultivated worldwide, while 117 flavonoids were identified, including 39 polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs), 7 flavones, 10 C-O-glycosylflavonoids, 44 O-glycosylflavonoids, 10 C-glycosylflavonoids and 7 newly annotated O-glycosylpolymethoxylated flavonoids. Tissue-specific accumulations were observed: O-glycosylated flavonoids were abundant in all fruit tissues, while PMFs were accumulated preferentially in the flavedo. Among different species, mandarins had the highest levels of PMFs and O-glycosylpolymethoxylated flavonoids, followed by sweet oranges. Based on the flavonoid profiles, 62 germplasms could be clearly grouped into five distinct clusters via hierarchical clustering analysis, which were perfectly matched with their species, with sweet oranges and mandarins clustering closely and being further away from other three species

Personalidade e câncer de mama e do aparelho digestório

Como a literatura indica influência de características de personalidade na formação do câncer, este estudo objetivou verificar se elas seriam gerais ou variariam segundo o tipo de neoplasia. Foram aplicadas entrevistas psicológicas e forma reduzida do TAT em 15 mulheres entre 41 e 60 anos, distribuídas em um grupo de 10 com câncer de mama (CM) e outro de cinco com câncer do aparelho digestório (CAD). Resultados revelaram predominância de organizações de personalidade borderline no grupo CM e neurótica no CAD. Ambos os grupos apresentaram perdas e frustrações antecedendo a doença, clivagem do ego entre razão e afeto, conflitos entre pulsões agressivas e sexuais e com figura materna e predomínio do pensamento operatório, indicando dificuldade de representação psíquica das pulsões. Foram realizadas considerações relativas à importância da psicoterapia com pacientes neoplásicos, auxiliando na construção e fortalecimento da capacidade de simbolizar