Additional file 1 of Adjuvant screening of the Senecavirus A inactivated vaccine in mice and evaluation of its immunogenicity in pigs

Additional file: Neutralizing antibodies analysis in the pre-experiments in pigs. Table S1 Neutralizing antibody titers of pigs immunized with SVA inactivated vaccine. Figure S1 Neutralizing antibody titers of pigs immunized with SVA inactivated vaccine

Penerapan Material Bekas Pada Mebel Anak Usia Dini Di Surabaya

Children are a valuable asset in family and nation. The golden days of childhood development are very important that only occurring once and should not be wasted. One solution is through PAUD (early childhood education) the curriculum is good and also has adequate facilities for both interior elements and supporting elements of furniture. Furniture used for children can not be arbitrary, and all aspects of production need to be considered such as color, ergonomics, and others. Especially material, material will affects the comfort and safety of children. This research will discussing about the application of used materials on PAUD furniture that can be useful for children with affordable budget but still safe, comfortable, and has aesthetic value. This research begins with the collection of data by interview, observation, analysis, and its application through the manufacture of furniture 1: 1. The result of this research is furniture from used materials which is suitable for early childhood and can help teaching and learning process in PAUD. The furniture includes 1 set containing 3 product that is educative tile board, shoe rack, and hand was

Image_2_Plasmodium TatD-Like DNase Antibodies Blocked Parasite Development in the Mosquito Gut.JPEG

<p>The TatD-like DNase of Plasmodium species has previously been characterized as a conserved antigen that plays an important role in immune evasion. Here, we found that TatD-like DNase is expressed, apart from the erythrocytic stage, throughout the developmental stages of the parasite in the mosquito vector. Antibodies to the molecule significantly blocked parasites development and transition in the mosquito gut. Further, mice immunized with recombinant TatD-like DNase showed significant resistance to parasite challenge. The antigenicity of the TatD-like antigen in combination with various adjuvants, including Freund’s adjuvants, Montanide ISA 51 and 61, Alhydrogel (aluminum hydroxide), and levamisole was investigated. It was found that immunization of the recombinant TatD-like DNase in combination with Montanide ISA 51 induced strong humoral responses that showed significant protection against parasite challenge in a mouse model. The data further support that TatD-like DNase is a functionally important molecule in the whole development cycle of the malaria parasites and a candidate for malaria vaccine development.</p

Proteomic Analysis of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Schizonts Reveals Heparin-Binding Merozoite Proteins

The malaria parasite <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> utilizes host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as receptors for erythrocyte invasion and intravascular sequestration. Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are GAGs which can block erythrocyte invasion of the <i>P. falciparm</i> merozoite, albeit the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Characterization of these heparin-binding merozoite proteins and key ligands in the host–parasite interplay will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. Here, schizont-derived proteins that bind heparin were enriched by affinity chromatography, and 6062 peptides from 811 <i>P. falciaprum</i>-derived proteins were identified by two-dimensional liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/LC–MS/MS). The proteins were categorized into 14 functional groups ranging from pathogenesis, protein catabolic process to signal transduction. Proteins with predominant peptide counts were found to mainly originate from the rhoptry organelle of merozoites and the parasitized erythrocyte membrane. The profile of the heparin/HS-binding proteome of <i>P. falciparum</i> suggests they have important functions in the biology of the parasite

Proteomic Analysis of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Schizonts Reveals Heparin-Binding Merozoite Proteins

The malaria parasite <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> utilizes host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as receptors for erythrocyte invasion and intravascular sequestration. Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are GAGs which can block erythrocyte invasion of the <i>P. falciparm</i> merozoite, albeit the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Characterization of these heparin-binding merozoite proteins and key ligands in the host–parasite interplay will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. Here, schizont-derived proteins that bind heparin were enriched by affinity chromatography, and 6062 peptides from 811 <i>P. falciaprum</i>-derived proteins were identified by two-dimensional liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/LC–MS/MS). The proteins were categorized into 14 functional groups ranging from pathogenesis, protein catabolic process to signal transduction. Proteins with predominant peptide counts were found to mainly originate from the rhoptry organelle of merozoites and the parasitized erythrocyte membrane. The profile of the heparin/HS-binding proteome of <i>P. falciparum</i> suggests they have important functions in the biology of the parasite

Image_1_Plasmodium TatD-Like DNase Antibodies Blocked Parasite Development in the Mosquito Gut.JPEG

<p>The TatD-like DNase of Plasmodium species has previously been characterized as a conserved antigen that plays an important role in immune evasion. Here, we found that TatD-like DNase is expressed, apart from the erythrocytic stage, throughout the developmental stages of the parasite in the mosquito vector. Antibodies to the molecule significantly blocked parasites development and transition in the mosquito gut. Further, mice immunized with recombinant TatD-like DNase showed significant resistance to parasite challenge. The antigenicity of the TatD-like antigen in combination with various adjuvants, including Freund’s adjuvants, Montanide ISA 51 and 61, Alhydrogel (aluminum hydroxide), and levamisole was investigated. It was found that immunization of the recombinant TatD-like DNase in combination with Montanide ISA 51 induced strong humoral responses that showed significant protection against parasite challenge in a mouse model. The data further support that TatD-like DNase is a functionally important molecule in the whole development cycle of the malaria parasites and a candidate for malaria vaccine development.</p

DataSheet1_Primary exploration of host–microorganism interaction and enteritis treatment with an embedded membrane microfluidic chip of the human intestinal–vascular microsystem.pdf

Intestinal flora plays a crucial role in the host’s intestinal health. Imbalances in the intestinal flora, when accompanied by inflammation, affect the host’s intestinal barrier function. Understanding it requires studying how living cells and tissues work in the context of living organs, but it is difficult to form the three-dimensional microstructure intestinal–vascular system by monolayer cell or co-culture cell models, and animal models are costly and slow. The use of microfluidic-based organ chips is a fast, simple, and high-throughput method that not only solves the affinity problem of animal models but the lack of microstructure problem of monolayer cells. In this study, we designed an embedded membrane chip to generate an in vitro gut-on-a-chip model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and Caco-2 were cultured in the upper and lower layers of the culture chambers in the microfluidic chip, respectively. The human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infused into the capillary side at a constant rate using an external pump to simulate the in vitro immune system and the shear stress of blood in vivo. The model exhibited intestine morphology and function after only 5 days of culture, which is significantly less than the 21 days required for static culture in the Transwell® chamber. Furthermore, it was observed that drug-resistant bacteria triggered barrier function impairment and inflammation, resulting in enteritis, whereas probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) improved only partially. The use of Amikacin for enteritis is effective, whereas other antibiotic therapies do not work, which are consistent with clinical test results. This model may be used to explore intestinal ecology, host and intestinal flora interactions, and medication assessment.</p

Global Gene Expression Analysis of the Zoonotic Parasite <em>Trichinella spiralis</em> Revealed Novel Genes in Host Parasite Interaction

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Trichinellosis is a typical food-borne zoonotic disease which is epidemic worldwide and the nematode <em>Trichinella spiralis</em> is the main pathogen. The life cycle of <em>T. spiralis</em> contains three developmental stages, i.e. adult worms, new borne larva (new borne L1 larva) and muscular larva (infective L1 larva). Stage-specific gene expression in the parasites has been investigated with various immunological and cDNA cloning approaches, whereas the genome-wide transcriptome and expression features of the parasite have been largely unknown. The availability of the genome sequence information of <em>T. spiralis</em> has made it possible to deeply dissect parasite biology in association with global gene expression and pathogenesis.</p> <h3>Methodology and Principal Findings</h3><p>In this study, we analyzed the global gene expression patterns in the three developmental stages of <em>T. spiralis</em> using digital gene expression (DGE) analysis. Almost 15 million sequence tags were generated with the Illumina RNA-seq technology, producing expression data for more than 9,000 genes, covering 65% of the genome. The transcriptome analysis revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes within the genome, and importantly, a panel of genes encoding functional proteins associated with parasite invasion and immuno-modulation were identified. More than 45% of the genes were found to be transcribed from both strands, indicating the importance of RNA-mediated gene regulation in the development of the parasite. Further, based on gene ontological analysis, over 3000 genes were functionally categorized and biological pathways in the three life cycle stage were elucidated.</p> <h3>Conclusions and Significance</h3><p>The global transcriptome of <em>T. spiralis</em> in three developmental stages has been profiled, and most gene activity in the genome was found to be developmentally regulated. Many metabolic and biological pathways have been revealed. The findings of the differential expression of several protein families facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of parasite biology and the pathological aspects of trichinellosis.</p> </div

Confirmation of the differentially expressed genes in the three stages of <i>T. spiralis by Real-time PCR.</i>

<p>The expression of 5 genes encoding serine proteases (A), 5 genes encoding DNase II (B) and 6 genes encoding heat shock protein A (Tsp_06317), MIF (Tsp_06335), cystatin (Tsp_11249), systeine-glycine (Tsp_01806) and two unknown proteins (Tsp_05189 and Tsp_11467) (C) in Ad (light blue), ML (purple) and NBL (orange) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Numbers of mRNA transcripts relative to the standard were with log10 scale in plus (up-regulation and minus (down-regulation).</p

Numbers of genes with transcripts from both strands.

<p>Numbers of genes with transcripts from both strands.</p