SABERES POPULARES ACERCA DE VESPAS SOCIAIS (VESPIDAE) E ABELHAS (APIDAE) NA MATA ATLÂNTICA DO NOROESTE DO PARANÁ, SUL DO

Os artrópodes compõem a maior parte do reino animal, possuindo mais de um milhão de espécies descritas, incluindo os marimbondos e as abelhas, que compõem a ordem Hymenoptera. Embora esses insetos executem importantes funções ecológicas e forneçam produtos de valor econômico, muitas pessoas desconhecem sua importância, sendo prática recorrente a destruição de suas colônias ou a morte desses indivíduos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o conhecimento popular dos moradores do entorno do Parque Nacional de Ilhas Grande (PNIG) sobre a fauna de himenópteros (vespas sociais e abelhas). Para isso, foi aplicado, em outubro de 2019, um questionário semiestruturado em 50 residências no distrito de Porto Camargo, Icaraíma-PR. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os entrevistados conhecem diversas espécies de marimbondos e abelhas, mas que sabem pouco ou quase nada sobre a sua importância ecológica, o que contribui para a não conservação desses insetos e da área em que vivem

Neotropical Siluriformes as a Model for Insights on Determining Biodiversity of Animal Groups.

We performed an analysis of the descriptions of new species of Neotropical Siluriformes (catfishes) to estimate the number of new species that remain to be described for a complete knowledge on biodiversity of this order, to verify the effectiveness of taxonomic support, and to identify trends and present relevant information for future policies. We conducted a literature review of species descriptions between January 1990 and August 2014. The following metadata were recorded from each article: year of publication, number of species, journal and impact factor, family(s) of the described species, number of authors, age of the authors and coauthors, country of the first author's institution and ecoregion of the type-locality. From accumulation of descriptions, we built an estimate model for number of species remaining to be described. We found 595 described species in 402 articles. The data demonstrated that there has been an increased understanding of the diversity of Siluriformes over the last 25 years in the Neotropical region, although 35% of the species still remain to be described. The model estimated that with the current trends and incentives, the biodiversity will be known in almost seven decades. We have reinforced the idea that greater joint efforts should be made by society and the scientific community to obtain this knowledge in a shorter period of time through enhanced programs for promoting science, training and the advancement of professionals before undiscovered species become extinct. The model built in this study can be used for similar estimates of other groups of animals

Journals with largest number of new species descriptions.

<p>Black bars represent the new species frequency (%) and gray dots represent the given weight of each journal. Numbers above the bars represent the number of papers with new species descriptions for each journal. NI—<i>Neotropical Ichthyology</i>; COP—<i>Copeia</i>; IEF–<i>Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters</i>; ZTX—Zootaxa; RSZ–<i>Revue Suisse de Zoologie</i>; PBSW–<i>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</i>; VZ–<i>Vertebrate Zoology</i>; CYB–<i>Cybium</i>; ISZ–<i>Iheringia Serie Zoologia</i>; BAMNH–<i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i>.</p

Correlation between the number of valid species and the number of new species described per family.

<p>Families well sampled were below the line and low sampled above the line.</p

Accumulation curve of the annual production of new Siluriformes species described in the Neotropical region.

<p>Curve obtained with piecewise linear regression with breakpoint.</p

Number of articles and new species of Siluriformes described from the Neotropical region per year.

<p>Period analyzed between January 1990 and August 2014.</p

Geographic distribution of new Siluriformes species by ecoregion of the Neotropical region.

<p>Ecoregions according to Abell <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132913#pone.0132913.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>].</p

Correlation between the percentages of papers per journal and its respective 2-year impact factor.

<p>Dots represents each journal.</p

Simulated scenarios with logistic models using different growth rates (<i>r</i>).

<p>Extrapolation of the accumulation curve of real data until reaching the value estimated by Jackknife2 = <i>K</i> = 3,167.</p

Production, productivity per author and per age group of authors of new Siluriformes species descriptions.

<p>Production, black columns, y1 axis; Productivity per author, grey columns, y2 axis; Productivity per age group, striped columns, y2 axis.</p