113 research outputs found

    Understanding the complex lipid metabolism in actinomycetes

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    Fil: Gramajo , Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnica

    The pleiotropic transcriptional regulator NlpR contributes to the modulation of nitrogen metabolism, lipogenesis and triacylglycerol accumulation in oleaginous rhodococci

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    The regulatory mechanisms involved in lipogenesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation are largely unknown in oleaginous rhodococci. In this study a regulatory protein (here called NlpR: Nitrogen lipid Regulator), which contributes to the modulation of nitrogen metabolism, lipogenesis and triacylglycerol accumulation in oleaginous rhodococci was identified. Under nitrogen deprivation conditions, in which TAG accumulation is stimulated, the nlpR gene was significantly upregulated, whereas a significant decrease of its expression and TAG accumulation occurred when cerulenin was added. The nlpR disruption negatively affected the nitrate/nitrite reduction as well as lipid biosynthesis under nitrogen-limiting conditions. In contrast, its overexpression increased TAG production during cultivation of cells in nitrogen-rich media. A putative ‘NlpR-binding motif’ upstream of several genes related to nitrogen and lipid metabolisms was found. The nlpR disruption in RHA1 strain led to a reduced transcription of genes involved in nitrate/nitrite assimilation, as well as in fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis. Purified NlpR was able to bind to narK, nirD, fasI, plsC and atf3 promoter regions. It was suggested that NlpR acts as a pleiotropic transcriptional regulator by activating of nitrate/nitrite assimilation genes and others genes involved in fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, in response to nitrogen deprivation.Fil: HernĂĄndez, MartĂ­n Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "san Juan Bosco". Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Centro Nacional PatagĂłnico. Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Lara, MarĂ­a Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gago, Gabriela Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Hector Manuel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "san Juan Bosco". Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Centro Nacional PatagĂłnico. Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia; Argentin

    Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in mycobacteria

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    The main purpose of our study is to understand how mycobacteria exert control over the biosynthesis of their membrane lipids and find out the key components of the regulatory network that control fatty acid biosynthesis at the transcriptional level. In this article we describe the identification and purification of FasR, a transcriptional regulator from Mycobacterium sp. that controls the expression of the fatty acid synthase (fas) and the 4-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (acpS) encoding genes, whose products are involved in the fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis pathways. In vitro studies demonstrated that fas and acpS genes are part of the same transcriptional unit and that FasR specifically binds to three conserved operator sequences present in the fas-acpS promoter region (Pfas). The construction and further characterization of a fasR conditional mutant confirmed that FasR is a transcriptional activator of the fas-acpS operon and that this protein is essential for mycobacteria viability. Furthermore, the combined used of Pfas–lacZ fusions in different fasR backgrounds and electrophoretic mobility shift assays experiments, strongly suggested that long-chain acyl-CoAs are the effector molecules that modulate the affinity of FasR for its DNA binding sequences and therefore the expression of the essential fas-acpS operon.Fil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mondino, Sonia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gago, Gabriela Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin

    CaracterizaciĂłn de inhibidores de acil-CoA carboxilasas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis: un nuevo blanco para el desarrollo de drogas

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    La pared celular de M. tuberculosis posee numerosos l¥pidos de estructura compleja que no solo son necesarios para la viabilidad y patogenicidad del microorganismo, sino que son capaces de modular la respuesta inmune del huesped. Entre estos, unos de los mas caracteristicos son los acidos micolicos. Algunas de las drogas antituberculosas mas usadas afectan justamente estas vias biosinteticas. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco acerca de las vias involucradas en la biosintesis de los precursores de estos lipidos complejos. Nuestra hipotesis de trabajo es que los alfa-carboxi acil-CoAs utilizados para la biosintesis de los acidos grasos de membrana y de la pared celular son producidos por los complejos acil-CoA carboxilasas (ACCasas) presentes en M. tuberculosis. Estas enzimas, cuya estructura es diferente a la de la acetil-CoA carboxilasa de humanos, son un blanco atractivo para el diseño de nuevos agentes anti-micobacterianos especificos. En nuestro laboratorio se han caracterizado dos complejos ACCasa a nivel bioquimico y estructural. La obtencion de las estructuras cristalograficas de las subunidades carboxiltransferasas de estos complejos permitio la busqueda in silico de inhibidores, resultando en la identificacion varios compuestos capaces de inhibir la actividad enzimatica in vitro. Uno de estos compuestos tambien fue capaz de inhibir, a concentraciones micromolares, el crecimiento de diferentes especies de micobacterias, incluyendo cepas mutirresistentes de M. tuberculosis. Nuestros resultados sugieren que su accion antimicobacteriana se debe a la inhibicion de una ACCasa especifica. Por un lado se observo que en presencia del inhibidor disminuye la incorporacion de 1-[14C-acetato], y tambien la biosintesis de acidos grasos y micolicos. Ademas la actividad acetil-CoA carboxilasa es menor en extractos de cultivos tratados con el inhibidor, mientras que la actividad acido graso sintasa no se encuentra afectada. En conjunto, estos datos confirman que los complejos ACCasa podrian proveer una herramienta para el diseño de nuevos compuestos antimicobacterianos especificos.Fil: Kurth, Daniel German. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumån. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Gago, Gabriela Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaIV Congreso Argentino de Microbiología GeneralCiudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Microbiología Genera

    Identification and physiological characterization of phosphatidic acid phosphatase enzymes involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor

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    BACKGROUND: Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP, EC 3.1.3.4) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate yielding diacylglycerol (DAG), the lipid precursor for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. Despite the importance of PAP activity in TAG producing bacteria, studies to establish its role in lipid metabolism have been so far restricted only to eukaryotes. Considering the increasing interest of bacterial TAG as a potential source of raw material for biofuel production, we have focused our studies on the identification and physiological characterization of the putative PAP present in the TAG producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. RESULTS: We have identified two S. coelicolor genes, named lppα (SCO1102) and lppÎČ (SCO1753), encoding for functional PAP proteins. Both enzymes mediate, at least in part, the formation of DAG for neutral lipid biosynthesis. Heterologous expression of lppα and lppÎČ genes in E. coli resulted in enhanced PAP activity in the membrane fractions of the recombinant strains and concomitantly in higher levels of DAG. In addition, the expression of these genes in yeast complemented the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype of the PAP deficient strain GHY58 (dpp1lpp1pah1). In S. coelicolor, disruption of either lppα or lppÎČ had no effect on TAG accumulation; however, the simultaneous mutation of both genes provoked a drastic reduction in de novo TAG biosynthesis as well as in total TAG content. Consistently, overexpression of Lppα and LppÎČ in the wild type strain of S. coelicolor led to a significant increase in TAG production. CONCLUSIONS: The present study describes the identification of PAP enzymes in bacteria and provides further insights on the genetic basis for prokaryotic oiliness. Furthermore, this finding completes the whole set of enzymes required for de novo TAG biosynthesis pathway in S. coelicolor. Remarkably, the overexpression of these PAPs in Streptomyces bacteria contributes to a higher productivity of this single cell oil. Altogether, these results provide new elements and tools for future cell engineering for next-generation biofuels productionFil: Comba, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Menendez Bravo, SimĂłn MatĂ­as. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Arabolaza, Ana Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin

    Expanding the chemical diversity of natural esters by engineering a polyketide-derived pathway into Escherichia coli

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    Microbial fatty acid (FA)-derived molecules have emerged as promising alternatives to petroleum-based chemicals for reducing dependence on fossil hydrocarbons. However, native FA biosynthetic pathways often yield limited structural diversity, and therefore restricted physicochemical properties, of the end products by providing only a limited variety of usually linear hydrocarbons. Here we have engineered into Escherichia coli a mycocerosic polyketide synthase-based biosynthetic pathway from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and redefined its biological role towards the production of multi-methyl-branched-esters (MBEs) with novel chemical structures. Expression of FadD28, Mas and PapA5 enzymes enabled the biosynthesis of multi-methyl-branched-FA and their further esterification to an alcohol. The high substrate tolerance of these enzymes towards different FA and alcohol moieties resulted in the biosynthesis of a broad range of MBE. Further metabolic engineering of the MBE producer strain coupled this system to long-chain-alcohol biosynthetic pathways resulting in de novo production of branched wax esters following addition of only propionate.Fil: Menendez-Bravo, Simón Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Comba, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Sabatini, Martín. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Arabolaza, Ana Lorena. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentin

    The atf2 gene is involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and accumulation in the oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus PD630

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    Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is an oleaginous bacterium able to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols (TAG) in different carbon sources. The last reaction for TAG biosynthesis is catalyzed by the bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) enzymes encoded by atf genes. R. opacus PD630 possesses at least 17 putative atf homologous genes in its genome, but only atf1 and atf2 exhibited a significant DGAT activity when expressed in E. coli, as revealed in a previous study. The contribution of atf1 gene to TAG accumulation by strain PD630 has been demonstrated previously, although additional Atfs may also contribute to lipid accumulation, since the atf1-disrupted mutant is still able to produce significant amounts of TAG (Alvarez et al. 2008). In this study, we investigated the in vivo role of atf2 gene in TAG accumulation by R.opacus PD630 by using different genetic strategies. The atf2-disrupted mutant exhibited a decrease in TAG accumulation (up to 25-30 %, w/w) and an approximately tenfold increase in glycogen formation in comparison with the wild type strain. Surprisingly, in contrast to the single mutants, a double mutant generated by the disruption of atf1 and atf2 genes, only showed a very low effect in TAG and in glycogen accumulation under lipid storage conditions. Over-expression of atf1 and atf2 genes in strain PD630 promoted an increase of approximately 10 % (w/w) in TAG accumulation; while heterologous expression of atf2 gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis caused an increase in TAG accumulation during cultivation in nitrogen-rich media. This study demonstrated that, in addition to atf1 gene, atf2 is actively involved in TAG accumulation by the oleaginous R. opacus PD630.Fil: Hernåndez, Martín Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Arabolaza, Ana Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Eduardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Hector Manuel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

    ACCase 6 is the essential acetyl-CoA carboxylase involved in fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacteria

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    Mycolic acids are essential for the survival, virulence and antibiotic resistance of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inhibitors of mycolic acid biosynthesis, such as isoniazid and ethionamide, have been used as efficient drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, the increase in cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has prompted a search for new targets and agents that could also affect synthesis of mycolic acids. In mycobacteria, the acyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCases) provide the building blocks for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by fatty acid synthase (FAS) I and for the elongation of FAS I products by the FAS II complex to produce meromycolic acids. By generating a conditional mutant in the accD6 gene of Mycobacterium smegmatis, we demonstrated that AccD6 is the essential carboxyltransferase component of the ACCase 6 enzyme complex implicated in the biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA, the substrate of the two FAS enzymes of Mycobacterium species. Based on the conserved structure of the AccD5 and AccD6 active sites we screened several inhibitors of AccD5 as potential inhibitors of AccD6 and found that the ligand NCI-172033 was capable of inhibiting AccD6 with an IC50 of 8 ìM. The compound showed bactericidal activity against several pathogenic Mycobacterium species by producing a strong inhibition of both fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis at minimal inhibitory concentrations. Overexpression of accD6 in M. smegmatis conferred resistance to NCI-172033, confirming AccD6 as the main target of the inhibitor. These results define the biological role of a key ACCase in the biosynthesis of membrane and cell envelope fatty acids, and provide a new target, AccD6, for rational development of novel anti-mycobacterial drugsFil: Kurth, Daniel German. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gago, Gabriela Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: de la Iglesia, Agustina InĂ©s. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Bazet Lyonnet, Bernardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Lin, Ting Wang. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Morbidoni, HĂ©ctor Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias MĂ©dicas; ArgentinaFil: Tsai, Shiou Chuan. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin

    Attenuation of Mycobacterium species through direct and macrophage mediated pathway by unsymmetrical diaryl urea

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    Tuberculosis is a major threat for mankind and the emergence of resistance strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) against first line antibiotics makes it lethal for human civilization. In this study, we have synthesized different diaryl urea derivatives targeting the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Among the 39 synthesized molecules, compounds 46, 57, 58 and 86 showed MIC values ≀ 10 Όg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 strains. The best molecule with a methyl at ortho position of the first aromatic ring and prenyl group at the meta position of the second aromatic ring showed the MIC value of 5.2 Όg/ml and 1 Όg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 respectively, with mammalian cytotoxicity of 163.4 Όg/ml. The effective compounds showed selective inhibitory effect on mycolic acid (epoxy mycolate) biosynthesis in14C-radiolabelled assay. At the same time these molecules also executed their potent immunomodulatory activity by up-regulation of IFN-Îł and IL-12 and down-regulation of IL-10.Fil: Velappan, Anand Babu. Sastra University; IndiaFil: Charan Raja, Mamilla R.. Sastra University; IndiaFil: Datta, Dhrubajyoti. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune; IndiaFil: Tsai, Yi Ting. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Halloum, Iman. UniversitĂ© de Montpellier; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Wan, Baojie. University of Illinois; Estados UnidosFil: Kremer, Laurent. UniversitĂ© de Montpellier; Francia. Inserm; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Franzblau, Scott G.. University of Illinois; Estados UnidosFil: Kar Mahapatra, Santanu. Sastra University; IndiaFil: Debnath, Joy. Sastra University; Indi
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