652 research outputs found
Stated Social Behavior and Revealed Actions: Evidence from Six Latin American Countries Using Representative Samples
This paper explores the link between what people say they prefer to do and what they actually do. Using data from an experimental project exploring trust and pro-sociality for representative samples of individuals in six Latin American capital cities, the paper links the results of these experiments with the responses obtained from representative surveys to the same participating individuals. Individuals with higher agreement with a set of pro-social statements are those more willing to contribute and collaborate to the social welfare in the community, and what people say is linked to what people do. This supports the idea that the inclusion of subjective controls in the lefthand- side in an empirical specification does carry useful information.
To What Extent do Latin Americans Trust and Cooperate? Field Experiments on Social Exclusion In Six Latin American Countries
This paper explores the extent to which individuals trust, reciprocate, cooperate and pool risk by using a battery of field experiments containing the trust game, the voluntary contributions mechanism and the risk pooling game; applied in six capital cities in Latin America. The results suggest that: (i) on average, the propensity to trust and cooperate among Latin Americans is remarkably similar to that found in other regions of the world; (ii) expectations about the behavior of other players are the main driver of trust, reciprocity and cooperation; and (iii) behaviors involving socialization, trust and cooperation are closely interconnected.
The Case Against Template Informed Consent Procedures in Biomedical Research: Heterogeneity in health Literacy in Chile
Indexación: Web of Science; ScieloSe examinó el alfabetismo en salud en Chile con el fin de determinar si se pueden usar procedimientos de consentimiento informado estándares en esta población. Se evaluó el alfabetismo en salud con la versión abreviada de la prueba SAHLSA. Los resultados se expresaron como el porcentaje de respuestas correctas en cada prueba. El promedio global de respuestas correctas fue 85.4 ± 13.5 % (media aritmética ± desviación estándar, n=762). Hubo diferencias importantes entre los subgrupos examinados. El nivel más bajo de alfabetismo en salud se detectó en pescadores artesanales y sus familias y en estudiantes de liceos públicos, y el más alto en estudiantes universitarios y madres pobladoras atendidas en el sistema público de salud. Los resultados muestran la necesidad que los procedimientos de consentimiento informado tomen en cuenta la heterogeneidad del alfabetismo en salud de la población chilena.Health literacy was examined in Chile to assess whether it is homogenous enough to allow the use of "templates" for informed consent, and to identity subgroups that may need special consideration when recruited for research because of their low health literacy abbreviated SAHLSA test of health literacy was used. Results were expressed as percent of correct answers out of the 50 items of the SAHLSA test. There was high health literacy with 85.4 ± 13.5 % (arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, «=762) of correct answers. There were important differences between groups, with lower scores in artisanal fishermen families and high-school students attending public schools, and higher scores in university students and mothers attending the public health system. Results show that a case by case approach is probably more appropriate when seeking informed consent in this population because of the variability of health literacy.http://ref.scielo.org/nb426
La desigualdad de género en el cuerpo académico de las universidades chilenas
Se examinó la proporción de mujeres en los cuerpos académicos de las principales facultades y escuelas profesionales de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Universidad de Chile y Universidad Católica de Chile. Se obtuvo la información desde las respectivas páginas web en Diciembre de 2017. Los resultados muestran que existe gran variación en la proporción de mujeres, desde menos del 20% en las facultades de ingeniería, economía y derecho, hasta más del 80% de mujeres en las escuelas de obstetricia y enfermería. En el área de educación la proporción de mujeres fue 62%, y en medicina fue 37%. No hubo diferencias importantes entre las universidades. Los resultados demuestran que no existe paridad de género en el profesorado de estas universidades, y que las mujeres están sub-representadas en las facultades con las mayores expectativas de ingresos económicos de sus egresados, pero predominan mayoritariamente en enfermería y obstetricia. Se concluye que la distribución de género en el profesorado de la universidad, replica el predominio masculino en las áreas profesionales de mayor acceso al poder político y económico que se observa en la sociedad en general.
Palabras claves: Género; Paridad de género; Universidad; Bioética; Ética
Student View on Ethical Aspects of Undergraduate Research at a Chilean Public University
Most undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in Life Science collegesin Chile become involved in scientific experiments as subjects and as researchassistants from the earliest stages of their studies. The complex hierarchicalrelationships between students and their professors are associated with particularethical issues that are not fully covered in the universal guidelines that rule scientificresearch at Chilean universities. This paper reports the work of undergraduateand graduate students during an introductory Bioethics course and professors ata Chilean public university. The group observed a need for guidelines specificallyaddressing the ethical challenges of research performed with participation ofstudents. Some ethical issues and proposals for such guidelines are outlined.Keywords: Ethics, bioethics code, guidelines, student´s researc
¿Es ético sacrificar animales con fines docentes? Visión de estudiantes y docentes universitarios
El sacrificio de animales con fines docentes despierta una creciente resistencia por parte de los alumnos y de lasociedad, a pesar que parece esencial para muchos objetivos docentes especialmente en carreras cuyo desempeño profesionalincluye el manejo de animales. En este manuscrito se presenta el análisis de alumnos de la carrera de Licenciaturaen Bioquímica de la USACH, y algunos docentes, sobre la eutanasia de roedores de laboratorio en sus cursos. Hubo acuerdounánime en la obligación ética de agotar los recursos antes de recurrir al sacrificio de animales, y que su manipulacióndebe hacerse por personas competentes y nunca por estudiantes de pregrado inexpertos y sin conocimientos en el temadel bienestar animal. El manuscrito presenta argumentos para limitar el uso de animales en la docencia de esta carrera.Palabras claves: Bioética, bienestar animal, docencia, derechos animales, estudiante
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Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.
Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors
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