Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) on the territory of the Šumava national park - biology, occurrence and methods of forest protection

<p>(A) Simulated voltage clamp traces of homomeric Kv7.4 channel at 28°C from holding potential of −90 mV, where the voltage was stepped to values up to +40 mV in increments of 10 mV, subsequently stepped down to −120 mV. (B) Steady state activation curves from Miceli et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref096" target="_blank">96</a>]. (C) Simulated activation fast time constant derived from experimental data (filled circles) from Schröder et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>].</p

The effect of a shift in the BK channel density on the action potential.

<p>The effect of varying the BK channel density on the action potential triggered by a 10-sec extracellular ATP step function, compared to compensatory corrections of the densities of the various other channels according to the redundancy map shown in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a>. The solid line shows the reference waveform, which is produced by running the simulation model in free-running mode with parameter values constrained by the ℓ₁-norm. The dashed line shows the distortion caused by a small change in BK density, while the dotted line shows the waveform when compensatory shifts in other channels are applied in addition to the BK perturbation, partially restoring the waveform back to the reference waveform. (i) enlarged detail.</p

Properties of <i>I</i>_{BK_{<i>α</i>+<i>β</i>3}}.

<p>(A) Simulated voltage clamp traces of BK_{<i>α</i>+<i>β</i>3} channel from holding potential of −180 mV, where the voltage was stepped to values up to +80 mV in 10 mV increments for various <i>μ</i>M [Ca²⁺]<i>_i</i>, then stepped back to −180 mV (B) Simulated steady-state <i>I−V</i> relationship obtained from the series of voltage clamp experiments shown in (A). Values are normalised to the peak current values.</p

Properties of <i>I</i>_Kv2.1.

<p>(A) Normalised <i>I</i>_Kv2.1 current trace in simulated voltage-clamp experiments. Currents are recorded during 1 s voltage steps to potentials ranging from −50 to +80 mV from a holding potential of −60 mV. (B) Data from Frech et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref079" target="_blank">79</a>] peak <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> curve (solid squares) obtained from the series of experiments shown in (A); compared to simulation (solid triangles). Values are normalised to the peak current value.</p

Properties of <i>I</i>_Kir7.1.

<p>(A) Steady state activation curve from Doring et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref035" target="_blank">35</a>] fit by a single exponential. (B) Double logarithmic plot for the Kir7.1 conductance as a function of [K⁺]_<i>o</i>. (C) Activation time constant derived from experimental data (filled circles) from Doring et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref035" target="_blank">35</a>]. (D) Current trace in simulated voltage-clamp experiments. Currents are recorded during 1 s voltage steps to potentials up to −150 mV from a holding potential of 0 mV. Values are normalised to the peak current values.</p

Variability of log-transformed bundle widths in registered and unregistered slides.

<p><b>R1</b>, <b>R2</b>, and <b>R3</b> represent each of the rat tissue blocks, <b>H</b> represents the human tissue block. The general similarity in shape between registered and unregistered slides in each block suggests that any deformation incurred by the registration process has little effect on the overall structure of the tissue block.</p

Difference in mean log-transformed bundle widths between registered and unregistered tissue blocks by slide.

<p>Dashed lines indicate a 5% change in width. The vast majority of points lie within the 5% bounds for each block, suggesting that even at an individual slide level the deformation is not significant.</p

Extracting nuclei from histological slides.

<p><b>A</b>: A 500 × 500 pixel region of tissue. <b>B</b> & <b>C</b>: Local red and blue thresholds respectively, found by considering the average values within 32 × 32 pixel regions. <b>D</b>: Binary image obtained by applying these thresholds to the original image <b>A</b>. <b>E</b>: Ellipses found by applying the ImageJ “Analyze Particles” function [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173404#pone.0173404.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>] to <b>D</b>, superimposed onto a lower intensity copy of <b>A</b>, showing the nuclei isolated from the rest of the tissue. Scale bars represent 50 <i>μ</i>m.</p

Scalar representation of two-dimensional vectors.

<p><b>A</b>: A representation of the directions vectors, where red and green indicate the direction of planar vectors, and blue indicates vertical pixels. <b>B</b>: The grey image generated from smoothing the nuclear counts present in the vertical pixels. <b>C</b>: The grey image generated from the planar vectors represented in <b>A</b>. Scale bars represent 1 mm.</p

Properties of <i>I</i>_Kv9.3.

<p>(A) Normalised <i>I</i>_Kv9.3 current trace in simulated voltage-clamp experiments. Currents are recorded during 1 s voltage steps to potentials ranging from −50 to 80 mV from a holding potential of −60 mV. (B) Simulated (solid triangles) peak <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> relationship obtained from the series of experiments shown in (A). Values are normalised to the peak current value. (C) Steady state activation and inactivation curves from Patel et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>]. (D) Simulated activation time constant derived from experimental data (filled circles) from Patel et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>].</p