52 research outputs found
Bayesian Signal Matching for Transfer Learning in ERP-Based Brain Computer Interface
An Event-Related Potential (ERP)-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Speller
System assists people with disabilities communicate by decoding
electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. A P300-ERP embedded in EEG signals arises
in response to a rare, but relevant event (target) among a series of irrelevant
events (non-target). Different machine learning methods have constructed binary
classifiers to detect target events, known as calibration. Existing calibration
strategy only uses data from participants themselves with lengthy training
time, causing biased P300 estimation and decreasing prediction accuracy. To
resolve this issue, we propose a Bayesian signal matching (BSM) framework for
calibrating the EEG signals from a new participant using data from source
participants. BSM specifies the joint distribution of stimulus-specific EEG
signals among source participants via a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model. We
apply the inference strategy: if source and new participants are similar, they
share the same set of model parameters, otherwise, they keep their own sets of
model parameters; we predict on the testing data using parameters of the
baseline cluster directly. Our hierarchical framework can be generalized to
other base classifiers with clear likelihood specifications. We demonstrate the
advantages of BSM using simulations and focus on the real data analysis among
participants with neuro-degenerative diseases.Comment: 34 pages, 6 figures, 4 table
Bayesian Inference on Brain-Computer Interfaces via GLASS
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), particularly the P300 BCI, facilitate
direct communication between the brain and computers. The fundamental
statistical problem in P300 BCIs lies in classifying target and non-target
stimuli based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. However, the low
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and complex spatial/temporal correlations of EEG
signals present challenges in modeling and computation, especially for
individuals with severe physical disabilities-BCI's primary users. To address
these challenges, we introduce a novel Gaussian Latent channel model with
Sparse time-varying effects (GLASS) under a fully Bayesian framework. GLASS is
built upon a constrained multinomial logistic regression particularly designed
for the imbalanced target and non-target stimuli. The novel latent channel
decomposition efficiently alleviates strong spatial correlations between EEG
channels, while the soft-thresholded Gaussian process (STGP) prior ensures
sparse and smooth time-varying effects. We demonstrate GLASS substantially
improves BCI's performance in participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) and identifies important EEG channels (PO8, Oz, PO7, and Pz) in parietal
and occipital regions that align with existing literature. For broader
accessibility, we develop an efficient gradient-based variational inference
(GBVI) algorithm for posterior computation and provide a user-friendly Python
module available at https://github.com/BangyaoZhao/GLASS.Comment: 32 pages, 5 figure
Performance assessment in brain-computer interface-based augmentative and alternative communication
Abstract
A large number of incommensurable metrics are currently used to report the performance of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) used for augmentative and alterative communication (AAC). The lack of standard metrics precludes the comparison of different BCI-based AAC systems, hindering rapid growth and development of this technology. This paper presents a review of the metrics that have been used to report performance of BCIs used for AAC from January 2005 to January 2012. We distinguish between Level 1 metrics used to report performance at the output of the BCI Control Module, which translates brain signals into logical control output, and Level 2 metrics at the Selection Enhancement Module, which translates logical control to semantic control. We recommend that: (1) the commensurate metrics Mutual Information or Information Transfer Rate (ITR) be used to report Level 1 BCI performance, as these metrics represent information throughput, which is of interest in BCIs for AAC; 2) the BCI-Utility metric be used to report Level 2 BCI performance, as it is capable of handling all current methods of improving BCI performance; (3) these metrics should be supplemented by information specific to each unique BCI configuration; and (4) studies involving Selection Enhancement Modules should report performance at both Level 1 and Level 2 in the BCI system. Following these recommendations will enable efficient comparison between both BCI Control and Selection Enhancement Modules, accelerating research and development of BCI-based AAC systems.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/115465/1/12938_2012_Article_658.pd
Detection of Event-Related Spectral Changes in Electrocorticograms
The University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface (UM-DBI) project seeks to detect voluntarily produced electrocortical activity (ECoG) related to actual or imagined movements in humans as the basis for a DBI. In past work we have used cross-correlation based template matching (CCTM) as the method for detecting event-related potentials (ERPs). That approach ignores event-related spectral changes in the ECoG signal. This paper discusses model-based signal detection methods that exploit event-related spectral changes. In particular we propose a quadratic detector based on a two-class hypothesis test with different covariances for the two classes. The covariance matrices are generated by fitting autoregressive (AR) models to training data. Preliminary results show that the quadratic detector yields more channels with good detection performance than the CCTM method, particularly when we impose constraints on detection delay.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85984/1/Fessler209.pd
Preliminary psychometric properties of a standard vocabulary test administered using a non-invasive brain-computer interface
ObjectiveTo examine measurement agreement between a vocabulary test that is administered in the standardized manner and a version that is administered with a brain-computer interface (BCI).MethodThe sample was comprised of 21 participants, ages 9â27, mean age 16.7 (5.4) years, 61.9% male, including 10 with congenital spastic cerebral palsy (CP), and 11 comparison peers. Participants completed both standard and BCI-facilitated alternate versions of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - 4 (PPVTâą-4). The BCI-facilitated PPVT-4 uses items identical to the unmodified PPVT-4, but each quadrant forced-choice item is presented on a computer screen for use with the BCI.ResultsMeasurement agreement between instruments was excellent, including an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.98, and Bland-Altman plots and tests indicating adequate limits of agreement and no systematic test version bias. The mean standard score difference between test versions was 2.0 points (SD 6.3).ConclusionThese results demonstrate that BCI-facilitated quadrant forced-choice vocabulary testing has the potential to measure aspects of language without requiring any overt physical or communicative response. Thus, it may be possible to identify the language capabilities and needs of many individuals who have not had access to standardized clinical and research instruments
MYND: Unsupervised Evaluation of Novel BCI Control Strategies on Consumer Hardware
Neurophysiological studies are typically conducted in laboratories with
limited ecological validity, scalability, and generalizability of findings.
This is a significant challenge for the development of brain-computer
interfaces (BCIs), which ultimately need to function in unsupervised settings
on consumer-grade hardware. We introduce MYND: A framework that couples
consumer-grade recording hardware with an easy-to-use application for the
unsupervised evaluation of BCI control strategies. Subjects are guided through
experiment selection, hardware fitting, recording, and data upload in order to
self-administer multi-day studies that include neurophysiological recordings
and questionnaires. As a use case, we evaluate two BCI control strategies
("Positive memories" and "Music imagery") in a realistic scenario by combining
MYND with a four-channel electroencephalogram (EEG). Thirty subjects recorded
70.4 hours of EEG data with the system at home. The median headset fitting time
was 25.9 seconds, and a median signal quality of 90.2% was retained during
recordings.Neural activity in both control strategies could be decoded with an
average offline accuracy of 68.5% and 64.0% across all days. The repeated
unsupervised execution of the same strategy affected performance, which could
be tackled by implementing feedback to let subjects switch between strategies
or devise new strategies with the platform.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to PNAS. Minor revisio
Psychological distress, depression, anxiety and life satisfaction following COVID-19 infection: Evidence from 11 UK longitudinal population studies
Background:
Evidence on associations between COVID-19 illness and mental health is mixed. We aimed to examine whether COVID-19 is associated with deterioration in mental health while considering pre-pandemic mental health, time since infection, subgroup differences, and confirmation of infection via self-reported test and serology data.
Methods:
We obtained data from 11 UK longitudinal studies with repeated measures of mental health (psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction; mental health scales were standardised within each study across time) and COVID-19 status between April, 2020, and April, 2021. We included participants with information available on at least one mental health outcome measure and self-reported COVID-19 status (suspected or test-confirmed) during the pandemic, and a subset with serology-confirmed COVID-19. Furthermore, only participants who had available data on a minimum set of covariates, including age, sex, and pre-pandemic mental health were included. We investigated associations between having ever had COVID-19 and mental health outcomes using generalised estimating equations. We examined whether associations varied by age, sex, ethnicity, education, and pre-pandemic mental health, whether the strength of the association varied according to time since infection, and whether associations differed between self-reported versus confirmed (by test or serology) infection.
Findings:
Between 21 Dec, 2021, and July 11, 2022, we analysed data from 54â442 participants (ranging from a minimum age of 16 years in one study to a maximum category of 90 years and older in another; including 33â200 [61·0%] women and 21â242 [39·0%] men) from 11 longitudinal UK studies. Of 40â819 participants with available ethnicity data, 36â802 (90·2%) were White. Pooled estimates of standardised differences in outcomes suggested associations between COVID-19 and subsequent psychological distress (0·10 [95% CI 0·06 to 0·13], I2=42·8%), depression (0·08 [0·05 to 0·10], I2=20·8%), anxiety (0·08 [0·05 to 0·10], I2=0·0%), and lower life satisfaction (â0·06 [â0·08 to â0·04], I2=29·2%). We found no evidence of interactions between COVID-19 and sex, education, ethnicity, or pre-pandemic mental health. Associations did not vary substantially between time since infection of less than 4 weeks, 4â12 weeks, and more than 12 weeks, and were present in all age groups, with some evidence of stronger effects in those aged 50 years and older. Participants who self-reported COVID-19 but had negative serology had worse mental health outcomes for all measures than those without COVID-19 based on serology and self-report. Participants who had positive serology but did not self-report COVID-19 did not show association with mental health outcomes.
Interpretation:
Self-reporting COVID-19 was longitudinally associated with deterioration in mental health and life satisfaction. Our findings emphasise the need for greater post-infection mental health service provision, given the substantial prevalence of COVID-19 in the UK and worldwide.
Funding:
UK Medical Research Council and UK National Institute for Health and Care Research
Living alone and mental health: parallel analyses in UK longitudinal population surveys and electronic health records prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic
BACKGROUND: People who live alone experience greater levels of mental illness; however, it is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic had a disproportionately negative impact on this demographic. OBJECTIVE: To describe the mental health gap between those who live alone and with others in the UK prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Self-reported psychological distress and life satisfaction in 10 prospective longitudinal population surveys (LPSs) assessed in the nearest pre-pandemic sweep and three periods during the pandemic. Recorded diagnosis of common and severe mental illnesses between March 2018 and January 2022 in electronic healthcare records (EHRs) within the OpenSAFELY-TPP. FINDINGS: In 37 544 LPS participants, pooled models showed greater psychological distress (standardised mean difference (SMD): 0.09 (95% CI: 0.04; 0.14); relative risk: 1.25 (95% CI: 1.12; 1.39)) and lower life satisfaction (SMD: â0.22 (95% CI: â0.30; â0.15)) for those living alone pre-pandemic. This gap did not change during the pandemic. In the EHR analysis of c.16 million records, mental health conditions were more common in those who lived alone (eg, depression 26 (95% CI: 18 to 33) and severe mental illness 58 (95% CI: 54 to 62) more cases more per 100 000). For common mental health disorders, the gap in recorded cases in EHRs narrowed during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: People living alone have poorer mental health and lower life satisfaction. During the pandemic, this gap in self-reported distress remained; however, there was a narrowing of the gap in service use. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Greater mental health need and potentially greater barriers to mental healthcare access for those who live alone need to be considered in healthcare planning
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