The Economic Effects Of The AFL-CIO Merger

To the student of economics, the aspects of labor should be very important. Labor plays a very important role in our economy and should be studied with great care and in detail. In studying labor we will encounter the labor problem which is so prevalent in our present day. You can hardly pick up the newspaper or read magazines without encountering some aspects of the labor problem. If one continues to follow the labor news he will discover not one, but many labor problems. A bus union may strike, tying up transportation to a major degree; unemployment may plague one city while another suffers from a labor shortage; an employee may believe that profit sharing may solve the labor problem; an explosion traps 10 coal miners; a statistician reports that wages are rising, and all of these could be extended before they would cover all the types of labor problems. In common with other areas of the social sciences, labor problems face the difficulty that they cannot be analyzed under laboratory conditions. In consequence, it is difficult to trace or prove cause-and-effect relationships and most generalizations within the field reflect the opinions of careful observers rather than scientific laws. This does not mean that inductive studies are lacking. Many excellent ones have been made that utilize controlled sampling and statistical techniques of evaluation, but they deal largely with the details upon which informed opinions must be based, rather than with broad conclusions of general interest. At this point, the writer wishes to say that in pursuing his problem he will use informed opinions rather than broad conclusions of the general interest. These opinions will be the opinions of the experts. Statement Of The Problem The problem of this paper lies within the effects of large controlled, coordinated, and influential labor groups upon our economy. These large labor groups referred to may be called unions . This paper is restricted to one large labor group which is said to be one of the largest in the world. The labor group referred to is the AFL-CIO. The AFL and the CIO merged in 1955 and have caused much controversy as to what effects will result. The problem of this paper is to determine what are the actual economic effects of the AFL-CIO merger. An attempt will be made to list various predicted effects of the merger and analyze each to determine its actual validity. These will be compared to the actual effects of the merger up to the present, and a brief look into the future will be discussed

Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration: delivery, take-up, and outcomes of in-work training support for lone parents (Research report No 727)

"This report focuses on the delivery, take-up and outcomes of the in-work training support provided through the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration... The ERA demonstration was designed to test the effectiveness of a programme to improve the labour market prospects of low-paid workers and long-term unemployed people." - page 4

THE EFFECT OF STEP WIDTH CONTROL ON LOAD CARRIAGE ECONOMY

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of step width on load carriage economy. Fifteen healthy volunteers (age = 25 ± 3 years; stature = 1.78 ± 0.07 m; body mass = 73.6 ± 10.1 kg) completed three trials in a randomised order. Each trial differed by load carriage method and involved walking on a force-instrumented at 3km.h-1 with 0, 3, 12 and 20 kg. This protocol was then repeated with step width controlled to each participant’s preferred unloaded width. Relative load carriage economy was measured using the Extra Load Index (ELI). Load carriage economy was significantly worse in the head loading method compared to the other two method with step width uncontrolled (p = 0.02) and controlled (p = 0.02). For the trials where step width was uncontrolled, there was a significant difference in step width from unloaded walking between the different loading methods (p = 0.01) but no significant difference between load mass (p = 0.39). There was no difference in ELI between preferred and controlled step widths. Based on the data presented here, moderate alterations in step width caused by load carriage do not appear to influence load carriage economy

Mass-to-Light Ratios of Galaxy Groups from Weak Lensing

We present the findings of our weak lensing study of a sample of 116 CNOC2 galaxy groups. The lensing signal is used to estimate the mass-to-light ratio of these galaxy groups. The best fit isothermal sphere model to our lensing data has an Einstein radius of 0.88"+/-0.12", which corresponds to a shear-weighted velocity dispersion of 245+/-18 km/s. The mean mass-to-light ratio within 1 h^-1 Mpc is 185+/-28 h times solar in the B-band and is independent of radius from the group center. The signal-to-noise ratio of the shear measurement is sufficient to split the sample into subsets of "poor" and "rich" galaxy groups. The poor galaxy groups were found to have an average velocity dispersion of 193+/-38 km/s and a mass-to-light ratio of 134+/-26 h times solar in the B-band, while the rich galaxy groups have a velocity dispersion of 270+/-39 km/s and a mass-to-light ratio of 278+/-42 h times solar in the B-band, similar to the mass-to-light ratio of clusters. This steep increase in the mass-to-light ratio as a function of mass, suggests that the mass scale of ~10^13 solar masses is where the transition between the actively star-forming field environment and the passively-evolving cluster environment occurs. This is the first such detection from weak lensing.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ 6 pages, 6 figures, uses emulateap