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Associative Plurals
The goal of this dissertation is to present an analysis of associative plurals in Japanese, Turkish, and Armenian that captures their associative interpretation along with a series of cross-linguistically consistent behaviours that do not seem to stem directly from these special meanings. For associative plurals, group affiliation is established through spatio-temporal or conceptual contiguity rather than a shared description (Moravcsik 2003). Approaches to English-like additive plurality are unable to capture associative plurals because they predict a plurality based on similarity, where every element of a plural noun is either an element of the corresponding singular or a concatenation of those elements. I propose that unlike additives, associative plurals are formed from a contextually specified individual concept that behaves like a group noun. This accounts for data which suggests associative plurals are inherently intensional, with a life that exists across indices. I will suggest that this individual concept is introduced as the plural marker. The noun being pluralized is actually part of a complex determiner that introduces a possessive like R relation that establishes the relationship between the group and the named individual
Implementation of the block-Krylov boundary flexibility method of component synthesis
A method of dynamic substructuring is presented which utilizes a set of static Ritz vectors as a replacement for normal eigenvectors in component mode synthesis. This set of Ritz vectors is generated in a recurrence relationship, which has the form of a block-Krylov subspace. The initial seed to the recurrence algorithm is based on the boundary flexibility vectors of the component. This algorithm is not load-dependent, is applicable to both fixed and free-interface boundary components, and results in a general component model appropriate for any type of dynamic analysis. This methodology was implemented in the MSC/NASTRAN normal modes solution sequence using DMAP. The accuracy is found to be comparable to that of component synthesis based upon normal modes. The block-Krylov recurrence algorithm is a series of static solutions and so requires significantly less computation than solving the normal eigenspace problem
Hormonal measurement in psychobiological research
Three peripherally circulating hormones that can be measured in saliva have received growing attention in psychobiology research. Cortisol and dehydoepiandrosterone (DHEA) are steroid hormones indicative of activity in the hypothalamic–pitutary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The third, methoxyindole melatonin, is the hormonal product of the pineal neuroendocrine system. The development of reliable methods for salivary hormone assessment was a key turning point for psychobiology research, as it enabled new approaches to the study of a wide range of individual difference factors. These biological indices provide meaningful objective measures that can be analysed in parallel to self-reported variables (e.g. stress/well-being) as well as sociodemographic, developmental, psychological and health variables. Saliva is an easy-to-access biological fluid, collection of which is convenient and does not require trained personnel. Indeed, participants can be shown how to undertake self-collection of samples, which enables repeated sampling in ambulatory studies (with resultant ecological validity) as well as in relation to experimental manipulations within the laboratory. The purpose of this chapter is to guide the psychobiology researcher on appropriate approaches and methodologies for using salivary hormone measures for meaningful investigation of a virtually limitless range of potential research questions
Acute reduction in secretory immunoglobulin A following smoking cessation
Smokers report an increase in upper respiratory infections in the early phase of stopping smoking. One possible cause is a depletion in secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) which has been observed in one study. The present study sought to establish this finding in smokers using nicotine patches. Ninety-two smokers, trying to stop smoking, were assessed whilst smoking and for up to six weeks of abstinence. All smokers were prescribed 15 mg 16-h nicotine patches. Among abstinent smokers, changes in S-IgA and saliva volume were assessed. During the preliminary analyses, we observed that for the pre-smoking cessation measure a longer time since the last cigarette was significantly related to Lower S-IgA levels (P = 0.006). Consequently, the main analysis, of changes in S-IgA from pre-cessation to post-cessation, was confined to those who had smoked within 0.5-1.5 h of the pre-cessation measure (n = 51). There was a significant decline in S-IgA, relative to pre-smoking abstinence levels, following abstinence of one day (P = 0.027), but Levels returned to pre-abstinence values after one week. There was no evidence of any significant changes in saliva volume following smoking cessation, relative to pre-cessation levels. Users of 15 mg patches are likely to experience a decline in S-IgA levels on the first day of smoking cessation, independent of saliva volumes, and this decline in S-IgA is Likely to occur acutely, within the first few hours of smoking abstinence. This acute drop in S-IgA appears to stem from a factor other than depletion of nicotine from the body. The observed decrease in S-IgA may help to explain the increased susceptibility of smokers to upper respiratory tract infections in the immediate post-cessation period. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. ALL rights reserved
Detailed time course of the cortisol awakening response in healthy participants
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) can be assessed from saliva samples collected at home, which
confers ecological validity but lacks researcher oversight. Participant non-adherence to requested saliva
sampling regimes leads to inaccurate CAR estimates. Moderate sampling delays of just 8 (5–15) min
between awakening and commencement of saliva sampling are reported to result in over-estimated
CAR magnitude and earlier peaking. This has been attributed to an observed ‘latent’ period in which
cortisol secretion does not increase for up to 10-min after awakening. Replication of this finding
is essential as the findings have considerable implications for CAR research. Healthy participants
(n = 26) collected saliva samples at 5-min intervals for 60 min on 2 consecutive typical weekdays.
Full electronic monitoring of awakening and sampling enabled exclusion of non-adherent data (i.e.,
delays of greater than 5 min between awakening and collection of the first sample). In the 0–15 min
post awakening segment of the CAR a quadratic effect was observed, with no difference between
the awakening and 5 and 10 min samples. Moderate sampling delays will shift assessment of the
CAR just sufficiently along the time axis to not impact upon measurement of the first sample but
to remove the immediate post-awakening latent period from CAR estimates—whilst retaining later
estimates of elevated cortisol secretion. The implication from these results is that accurate CAR
measures can only be determined from data with strict adherence to commencement of saliva sampling
following awakening
Physical fitness and prior physical activity are both associated with less cortisol secretion during psychosocial stress
Background: Evidence linking fitness and decreased psychosocial stress comes from studies of athletes and typically relies upon self-report measures. Furthermore, there is little evidence regarding the impact of physical activity (PA) prior to a stressor. The aims of this study were to determine whether fitness and prior PA influence cortisol concentrations during psychosocial stress.
Methods: Seventy-five non-athletic participants took part in a submaximal walk prior to the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G). During the walk, fitness was assessed using heart rate (HR). A further 89 participants took part in the TSST-G without the walk. Stress responsiveness was assessed using salivary cortisol collected at 10-min intervals on seven occasions.
Results: Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that average walking HR accounted for 9% of the variance in cortisol secretion (P = .016), where a higher HR was associated with higher cortisol secretion. Between-subjects ANCOVA revealed that the walking group had a significantly lower cortisol secretion than the non-walking group (P = .009).
Conclusions: These findings indicate that fitter individuals have reduced cortisol secretion during psychosocial stress. They also indicate that prior PA can reduce cortisol concentrations during psychosocial stress and are suggestive of a role of PA in reducing the impact of stress on health
Biological stress regulation in female adolescents: a key role for confiding
Attachment behaviors play a critical role in regulating emotion within the context of close relationships, and attachment theory is currently used to inform evidence-based practice in the areas of adolescent health and social care. This study investigated the association between female adolescents’ interview-based attachment behaviors and two markers of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity: cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Unlike the classic stress hormone cortisol, there is very limited investigation of DHEA—a quintessential developmental hormone—in relation to attachment, especially in adolescents. Fifty-five healthy females mean age 14.36 (±2.41) years participated in the attachment style interview. A smaller cortisol awakening response was related to anxious attachment attitudes, including more fear of rejection, whereas greater morning basal DHEA secretion was only predicted by lower levels of reported confiding in one’s mother. These attachment–hormone relationships may be developmental markers in females, as they were independent of menarche status. These findings highlight that the normative shifts occurring in attachment to caregivers around adolescence are reflected in adolescents’ biological stress regulation. We discuss how studying these shifts can be informed by evolutionary– developmental theory
Anxious attachment style predicts an enhanced cortisol response to group psychosocial stress
Insecure attachment style is associated with poor health outcomes. A proposed pathway implicates the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis), dysregulation of which is associated with a wide range of mental and physical ill-health. However, data on stress reactivity in relation to attachment style is contradictory. This relationship was examined using the novel Trier Social Stress Test for groups (TSST-G): a group based acute psychosocial stressor. Each participant, in the presence of other group members, individually performed public speaking and mental arithmetic tasks. Seventy-eight healthy young females (20.2 ± 3.2 years), in groups of up to six participants completed demographic information and the Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ), and were then exposed to the TSST-G. Physiological stress reactivity was assessed using salivary cortisol concentrations, measured on seven occasions at 10-min intervals. Vulnerable attachment predicted greater cortisol reactivity independent of age, smoking status, menstrual phase and body mass index. Supplementary analysis indicated that insecure anxious attachment style (high scores on the insecurity and proximity-seeking sub-scales of the VASQ) showed greater cortisol reactivity than participants with secure attachment style. Avoidant attachment style (high scores for insecurity and low scores for proximity seeking) was not significantly different from the secure attachment style. Attachment style was not associated with the timing of the cortisol peak or post-stress recovery in cortisol concentrations. These findings in healthy young females indicate subtle underlying changes in HPA axis function in relation to attachment style and may be important for future mental health and well-being
The cortisol awakening response predicts a same-day index of executive function in healthy young adults
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is associated with various aspects of cognition, including executive function, in older adult and clinical samples. However, the association between these variables in the healthy functioning population is not well understood due to the limited number of appropriately controlled studies. This study explored the association between the CAR and a set shifting index of executive function in 55 (44 females) healthy participants aged 20.2 ± 3.0 years. Notoriously, assessment of the CAR from self-collected saliva samples within the domestic setting is subject to sample timing error, so electronic monitoring of both awakening and sampling times were employed. Participants attended the laboratory in the afternoon of CAR assessment for testing on the Attention Switching Task of the CANTAB neuropsychological testing battery. A positive association was found between CAR magnitude and attention-switching performance in the afternoon of the same day. This was independent of known relevant CAR covariates, but only evident in CAR data collected without delay exceeding 8 min post-awakening. These findings offer insight into a potential role for the CAR in modulating cognitive functions associated with the pre-frontal cortex
Salivary cortisol, stress and arousal following five weeks training in kinesthetic meditation to undergraduate students
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