5 research outputs found
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NMDAR-Activated PP1 Dephosphorylates GluN2B to Modulate NMDAR Synaptic Content.
In mature neurons, postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are segregated into two populations, synaptic and extrasynaptic, which differ in localization, function, and associated intracellular cascades. These two pools are connected via lateral diffusion, and receptor exchange between them modulates synaptic NMDAR content. Here, we identify the phosphorylation of the PDZ-ligand of the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs (at S1480) as a critical determinant in dynamically controlling NMDAR synaptic content. We find that phosphorylation of GluN2B at S1480 maintains NMDARs at extrasynaptic membranes as part of a protein complex containing protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Global activation of NMDARs leads to the activation of PP1, which mediates dephosphorylation of GluN2B at S1480 to promote an increase in synaptic NMDAR content. Thus, PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of the GluN2B PDZ-ligand modulates the synaptic expression of NMDARs in mature neurons in an activity-dependent manner, a process with profound consequences for synaptic and structural plasticity, metaplasticity, and synaptic neurotransmission
Strong Inhibitory Effect, Low Cytotoxicity and High Plasma Stability of Steroidal Inhibitors of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors With C-3 Amide Structural Motif
Herein, we report the synthesis, structure-activity relationship study, and biological evaluation of neurosteroid inhibitors of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) receptors that employ an amide structural motif, relative to pregnanolone glutamate (PAG) – a compound with neuroprotective properties. All compounds were found to be more potent NMDAR inhibitors (IC50 values varying from 1.4 to 21.7 μM) than PAG (IC50 = 51.7 μM). Selected compound 6 was evaluated for its NMDAR subtype selectivity and its ability to inhibit AMPAR/GABAR responses. Compound 6 inhibits the NMDARs (8.3 receptors (8.3 ± 2.1 μM) more strongly than it does at the GABAR and AMPARs (17.0 receptors (17.0 ± 0.2 μM and 276.4 ± 178.7 μM, respectively). In addition, compound 6 (10 μM) decreases the frequency of action potentials recorded in cultured hippocampal neurons. Next, compounds 3, 5–7, 9, and 10 were not associated with mitotoxicity, hepatotoxicity nor ROS induction. Lastly, we were able to show that all compounds have improved rat and human plasma stability over PAG
Positive Modulators of the <i>N</i>‑Methyl‑d‑aspartate Receptor: Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Steroidal 3‑Hemiesters
Here,
we report the synthesis of pregn-5-ene and androst-5-ene
dicarboxylic acid esters and explore the structure–activity
relationship (SAR) for their modulation of <i>N</i>-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). All compounds were positive
modulators of recombinant GluN1/GluN2B receptors (EC<sub>50</sub> varying
from 1.8 to 151.4 μM and <i>E</i><sub>max</sub> varying
from 48% to 452%). Moreover, 10 compounds were found to be more potent
GluN1/GluN2B receptor modulators than endogenous pregnenolone sulfate
(EC<sub>50</sub> = 21.7 μM). The SAR study revealed a relationship
between the length of the residues at carbon C-3 of the steroid molecule
and the positive modulatory effect at GluN1/GluN2B receptors for various
D-ring modifications. A selected compound, 20-oxo-pregnenolone hemiadipate,
potentiated native NMDARs to a similar extent as GluN1/GluN2A-D receptors
and inhibited AMPARs and GABA<sub>A</sub>R responses. These results
provide a unique opportunity for the development of new steroid based
drugs with potential use in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders
involving hypofunction of NMDARs
Neurosteroid-like Inhibitors of <i>N</i>‑Methyl‑d‑aspartate Receptor: Substituted 2‑Sulfates and 2‑Hemisuccinates of Perhydrophenanthrene
<i>N</i>-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) display
a critical role in various diseases of the central nervous system.
The activity of NMDARs can be modulated by neurosteroids. Herein,
we report a structure–activity relationship study for perhydrophenanthrene
analogues possessing a framework that mimics the steroidal ring system.
This study comprises the design, synthesis, and assessment of the
biological activity of a library of perhydrophenanthrene 2-sulfates
and 2-hemisuccinates (<b>1</b>–<b>10</b>). Their
ability to modulate NMDAR-induced currents was tested on recombinant
GluN1/GluN2B receptors. Our results demonstrate that such structural
optimization leads to compounds that are inhibitors of NMDARs. Notably,
compound <b>9</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 15.6 μM) was assessed
as a more potent inhibitor of NMDAR-induced currents than the known
endogenous neurosteroid, pregnanolone sulfate (IC<sub>50</sub> = 24.6
μM)