A NIMA-related kinase suppresses the flagellar instability associated with the loss of multiple axonemal structures

CCDC39 and CCDC40 were first identified as causative mutations in primary ciliary dyskinesia patients; cilia from patients show disorganized microtubules, and they are missing both N-DRC and inner dynein arms proteins. In Chlamydomonas, we used immunoblots and microtubule sliding assays to show that mutants in CCDC40 (PF7) and CCDC39 (PF8) fail to assemble N-DRC, several inner dynein arms, tektin, and CCDC39. Enrichment screens for suppression of pf7; pf8 cells led to the isolation of five independent extragenic suppressors defined by four different mutations in a NIMA-related kinase, CNK11. These alleles partially rescue the flagellar length defect, but not the motility defect. The suppressor does not restore the missing N-DRC and inner dynein arm proteins. In addition, the cnk11 mutations partially suppress the short flagella phenotype of N-DRC and axonemal dynein mutants, but do not suppress the motility defects. The tpg1 mutation in TTLL9, a tubulin polyglutamylase, partially suppresses the length phenotype in the same axonemal dynein mutants. In contrast to cnk11, tpg1 does not suppress the short flagella phenotype of pf7. The polyglutamylated tubulin in the proximal region that remains in the tpg1 mutant is reduced further in the pf7; tpg1 double mutant by immunofluorescence. CCDC40, which is needed for docking multiple other axonemal complexes, is needed for tubulin polyglutamylation in the proximal end of the flagella. The CCDC39 and CCDC40 proteins are likely to be involved in recruiting another tubulin glutamylase(s) to the flagella. Another difference between cnk11-1 and tpg1 mutants is that cnk11-1 cells show a faster turnover rate of tubulin at the flagellar tip than in wild-type flagella and tpg1 flagella show a slower rate. The double mutant shows a turnover rate similar to tpg1, which suggests the faster turnover rate in cnk11-1 flagella requires polyglutamylation. Thus, we hypothesize that many short flagella mutants in Chlamydomonas have increased instability of axonemal microtubules. Both CNK11 and tubulin polyglutamylation play roles in regulating the stability of axonemal microtubules

Improving Factual Consistency of Text Summarization by Adversarially Decoupling Comprehension and Embellishment Abilities of LLMs

Despite the recent progress in text summarization made by large language models (LLMs), they often generate summaries that are factually inconsistent with original articles, known as "hallucinations" in text generation. Unlike previous small models (e.g., BART, T5), current LLMs make fewer silly mistakes but more sophisticated ones, such as imposing cause and effect, adding false details, overgeneralizing, etc. These hallucinations are challenging to detect through traditional methods, which poses great challenges for improving the factual consistency of text summarization. In this paper, we propose an adversarially DEcoupling method to disentangle the Comprehension and EmbellishmeNT abilities of LLMs (DECENT). Furthermore, we adopt a probing-based efficient training to cover the shortage of sensitivity for true and false in the training process of LLMs. In this way, LLMs are less confused about embellishing and understanding; thus, they can execute the instructions more accurately and have enhanced abilities to distinguish hallucinations. Experimental results show that DECENT significantly improves the reliability of text summarization based on LLMs

Wheel Force Sensor-Based Techniques for Wear Detection and Analysis of a Special Road

Automobile proving ground is important for the research of vehicles which are used for vehicle dynamics, durability testing, braking testing, etc. However, the road in automobile proving grounds will inevitably be damaged with the extension of the service life. In most previous research, equipment similar to a laser profilometer was used to detect the quality of the road, the principle of which is to reflect the quality of the road by measuring the roughness of the pavement. This method ignores the elastic deformation of the road itself when the vehicle is traveling and it is difficult to compensate for the error. Therefore, this paper presents a new method based on a force sensor to reduce the impact of elastic deformation, such as tire deformation, pavement deformation, and wheel rim deformation. In this study, force sensors mounted on the wheels collect the three-dimensional dynamic force of the wheel. The presented method has been tested with two sets of cobblestone road loads, and the result shows that the load intensities imposed by the test vehicle on the target road are 88.3%, 91.0%, and 92.05% of the intensity of the load imposed by the test vehicle on a standard road in three respective dimensions. It is clear that the proposed method has strong potential effectiveness to be applied for wear detection and analysis of a special road

Assessing the Learning Effects of Host Communications on the Green Knowledge and Behavior of Festival Attendees—Evidence from Compulsory Garbage Sorting in China

Compulsory waste sorting has been in practice in pilot cities in China and is expected to be fully implemented in urban areas of the country by 2025. However, the learning of compulsory waste sorting by non-local festival attendees in a semi-free choice festival context and the roles of the relevant factors require further investigation. In particular, for the non-local attendees, the festival context avails both the opportunity and occasion for effective learning of compulsory waste sorting, a unique research window worth further exploration. Employing a systematic modeling approach to comprehensively investigate the interrelationships among the identified significant factors, this study explores and examines the mechanism of this learning process with a hierarchy of positive relationships between the host communications, learning outcomes and behavioral intentions of the festival attendees concerning compulsory waste sorting. The research subject of this study was a branded forest music festival held in a waste-sorting pilot city in East China, which has long been pivoting to the promotion of environmental-friendly values. The objective measurement of the learning outcomes integrated by this study accentuate the effectiveness of the proposed structural model. Our research findings confirmed all of the hypothesized relationships and established positive learning outcomes for the festival attendees on waste sorting as instructed by the festival hosts. The role of the festival attendees’ environmental attitudes in mediating their learning outcomes was corroborated. This study advances the understanding of the experiential learning processes of pro-environment and sustainability knowledge and behavior in festival contexts, areas that require future research attention with growing reflections on and awareness of environmental protection and sustainable development

Composite metallogenesis of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu base metal deposits in the Sanjiang Collisional Orogen, SW China, and its deep driving mechanisms

A great number of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu deposits occur in the Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary basins within the Sanjiang Tethyan orogeny, SW China, which compose a significant base metal metallogenic belt with an extension over 1000km along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. For it is an important type in the continental collision-related deposit spectrum, further study upon these deposits is greatly helpful to understand and improve the theories of the continental collision metallogenesis and guide the exploration. Many studies suggest that these deposits are distinct from the SEDEX and MVT model in terms of ore controls, host rocks and other features, and that multiple sourced fluids associated with mineralization should have been driven by deep processes. However, it is intensively debated on the geotectonic settings of ore formation and spatial-temporal association with the collisional orogeny due to lack of highly resolved chronological data. Some studies indicate that they were resulted from composite mineralization, but these studies did not well document its mechanisms. A comprehensive study has thus been carried out on the geochronology, ore-forming fluids and metal sources, composite metallogenesis and mechanisms for the Pb-Zn-Ag and Cu polymetallic deposits in the Lanping and Changdu basins. The results show that the Cu deposits were mainly formed in 48 similar to 58Ma and the Pb-Zn deposits were formed in 28 similar to 33 Ma. Also, three types of composite mineralization have been recognized: 1) metamorphic fluids and basinal brines or meteoric water, represented by the Jinman-Liancheng Cu deposits; 2) basinal brine and meteoric water, represented by the Jinding deposit; and 3) basinal brine and magmatic fluid with an example of the Lanuoma Pb-Zn-Sb deposit. The Cu deposits happened synchronously with the main collisional compression of the India-Asian continental collision and metamorphic fluids were probably generated by subduction-caused high-pressure metamorphism. The Pb-Zn deposits were formed by basinal brine-dominated fluids driven by orogenic uplift as well as tectonic compression in the stage of the late collisional tectonic transform. Contemporaneous magmatism may have mainly played as heat sources or provided ore materials

Engineering of thermo-/pH-responsive membranes with enhanced gating coefficients, reversible behaviors and self-cleaning performance through acetic acid boosted microgel assembly

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018. Inspired by stomata, a series of single or dual thermo-/pH-responsive smart gating membranes (SGMs) were prepared with in situ assembled stimuli-responsive microgels as gates. Highly cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methylacrylic acid) P(NIPAM-co-MAA) microgels underwent in situ surface segregation during the acetic acid-assisted phase inversion process, and they were uniformly decorated on the surface of the membranes and the channels. The hydraulic permeability performance of SGMs was studied within the temperature range of 25-70 °C and a wide pH range (spanning pH 3-11). Investigations revealed that microgels based on different NIPAM/MAA ratios provided different thermo/pH-responsive properties to SGMs. Higher NIPAM/MAA ratios determined the thermo-responsive performance, and higher MAA/NIPAM ratios determined the pH-responsive performance. Moreover, the SGMs with in situ assembled microgels on the surface and channel surface have enhanced gating coefficients, stimuli-reversible behaviours and self-cleaning performance.status: publishe