4 research outputs found
Terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus) : potential correlates, patterns, and differences between genera
For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids
Le Proyecto Mono Tocon : recherche, éducation et conservation, au Pérou
Le Proyecto Mono TocĂłn (PMT) est une ONG pĂ©ruvienne qui a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ© par le Conservatoire pour la Protection des Primates (CPP), association de conservation de la VallĂ©e des Singes, en mai 2007. La zone dâintervention du Proyecto Mono TocĂłn est principalement la rĂ©gion de San Martin, au PĂ©rou. Cette rĂ©gion est la seule Ă abriter le trĂšs rare titi de San Martin (Callicebus oenanthe), en danger critique dâextinction selon la liste rouge de lâIUCN. Il fait mĂȘme partie des 25 primates les plus menacĂ©s au monde. Le principal objectif du PMT est donc de sauvegarder cette espĂšce en dĂ©veloppant des activitĂ©s de recherche scientifique, de conservation et dâĂ©ducation Ă lâenvironnement. Dans la rĂ©gion de San Martin, le besoin en terres agricoles aboutit Ă un taux de dĂ©boisement extrĂȘme. Certaines Ă©tudes estiment que 80 % des forĂȘts de la zone ont disparu au cours des 25 derniĂšres annĂ©es. Les consĂ©quences de cela sont bien sĂ»r la disparition progressive de nombreuses espĂšces endĂ©miques, mais Ă©galement la destruction ou pollution des sources dâeau prĂ©sentes dans les forĂȘts et lâappauvrissement des communautĂ©s humaines. Le Proyecto Mono TocĂłn tente alors de conserver les derniers fragments forestiers de la rĂ©gion en dĂ©veloppant et/ou en appuyant des initiatives de conservation locales. Lâaccent est alors mis sur la gestion durable des ressources naturelles, le renforcement des capacitĂ©s et la sensibilisation des populations locales. Dans le but de sauvegarder Callicebus oenanthe, lâune des stratĂ©gies du PMT est la crĂ©ation de corridors Ă©cologiques dans toute la rĂ©gion de San Martin. Les espĂšces vĂ©gĂ©tales choisies pour reboiser seront identifiĂ©es en fonction des besoins de lâespĂšce, mais Ă©galement des intĂ©rĂȘts socio-Ă©conomiques des communautĂ©s humaines vivant dans la rĂ©gion. Durant ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, le Proyecto Mono TocĂłn a collectĂ© de nombreuses donnĂ©es scientifiques sur lâespĂšce, mais il y a peu de connaissances sur ses comportements. Pourtant, ces connaissances sont indispensables afin dâidentifier les espĂšces vĂ©gĂ©tales utilisĂ©es par le titi et ainsi mieux le protĂ©ger. Câest pourquoi, durant lâannĂ©e 2014, des Ă©tudes Ă©thologiques prĂ©liminaires ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es au Morro de Calzada. Ces Ă©tudes sâattachent Ă mieux comprendre lâadaptation de C. oenanthe Ă la dĂ©forestation. Ainsi, trois groupes sont en processus (plus ou moins avancĂ©) dâhabituation : lâun en forĂȘt primaire, lâautre en forĂȘt secondaire et le dernier en zone fragmentĂ©e. Les objectifs dâune telle Ă©tude sont multiples et incluent dâobtenir une meilleure comprĂ©hension du comportement gĂ©nĂ©ral de C. oenanthe, de son alimentation, de son utilisation des espĂšces vĂ©gĂ©tales et de son adaptation selon le type dâhabitat. Pour obtenir ces donnĂ©es, il est avant tout nĂ©cessaire dâhabituer des groupes de Callicebus oenanthe Ă la prĂ©sence humaine et dâĂ©tablir un Ă©thogramme pour lâespĂšce. Les donnĂ©es Ă©thologiques sont enregistrĂ©es avec les mĂ©thodes de Scan sampling et Focal. Des Ă©tudes botaniques viendront complĂ©ter ces donnĂ©es comportementales dans le but ultime de rĂ©aliser un plan de reforestation pour la rĂ©gion de San Martin. Les zones sĂ©lectionnĂ©es pour le reboisement feront alors lâobjet dâactivitĂ©s dâĂ©ducation environnementales menĂ©es par lâĂ©quipe du Proyecto Mono TocĂłn et Ă destination des habitants des zones concernĂ©es. Ces activitĂ©s dâĂ©ducation sâattacheront Ă dĂ©velopper un plan de gestion adĂ©quate prenant en compte les intĂ©rĂȘts de Callicebus oenanthe, mais aussi des communautĂ©s humaines.Remerciements Ă : Carolina Garcia Suikkanen, Cecilia Corbella Felip, Julio C. Tello Alvarado, Alexander Amasifuen Perez, Eder Murrieta Villalobos, Ader Davila Reategui, Rider Tamani, Emerita Tirado, Roy Jaemy Romero Herrada, Jean-Pascal GuĂ©ry
Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera
For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature