Protecting Data Privacy for Mobile Payments Under the Chinese Law: Comparative Perspectives and Reform Suggestions

China has become one of the largest mobile payment markets in the world. While mobile payments bring great benefits such as convenience, flexibility, and efficiency, they are not without risks. This article focuses on one of the major risks, namely the data privacy risk, which is in large part caused and exacerbated by the involvement of multiple players and the extensive collection of personal information. There were some difficulties in protecting data privacy under the traditional legal framework, which was developed in a piecemeal manner with relevant provisions scattered around many different laws. In response, China has been trying to consolidate and modernise its regulatory regime for data privacy to suit the needs of the new digital era. Over the past few years, China has made great efforts to enact new laws and regulations to delineate the scope of personal information, introduce the obligations for data controllers and processors, and incorporate the principles of the Fair Information Practices. However, there are some remaining concerns, including the ineffective requirements of consent and disclosure, the ambiguous principle of purpose limitation, and the limited applicability of the principle of data minimisation. In a quest for a more effective solution to meet the regulatory challenge and strike a proper balance between privacy protection and technological innovation, a comparative analysis is conducted with several other major jurisdictions in this area, including the United States, the European Union, Singapore and Hong Kong. This article proposes that China should 1) improve the requirements of consent and disclosure; 2) strengthen the application of the principles of purpose limitation and data minimization; 3) enact a specific law for data protection; 4) establish a unified law enforcement agency, a 5) enhance private and public enforcement

Conceptual kinematic design and performance evaluation of a chameleon-like service robot for space stations

In this paper a conceptual kinematic design of a chameleon-like robot with proper mobility capacity is presented for service applications in space stations as result of design considerations with biomimetic inspiration by looking at chameleons. Requirements and characteristics are discussed with the aim to identify design problems and operation features. A study of feasibility is described through performance evaluation by using simulations for a basic operation characterization

Studies towards the Total Asymmetric Synthesis of the Pentacyclic Indole Alkaloid Arboflorine: Asymmetric Synthesis of a Key Intermediate

The synthesis of a plausible key intermediate for a biomimetic asymmetric synthesis of indole alkaloid arboflorine is described. The method featured the use of Ellman's sulfinamide chemistry for the establishment of the first chiral center, and the Polonovski-Potier reaction for the formation of the alpha-aminonitrile moiety.NSF of China[20832005]; NFFTBS[J1030415]; National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China[2010CB833200

Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission from GeV to PeV energies in light of up-to-date cosmic ray measurements

The diffuse gamma-ray emission between 10 and 1000 TeV from the Galactic plane was recently measured by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). These observations will help tremendously in constraining the propagation and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. Additionally, new measurements of CR spectra reach a very high precision up to 100 TeV energies, revealing multiple spectral structures of various species. In this work, we confront the model prediction of the diffuse gamma-ray emission, based on up-to-date measurements of the local cosmic ray spectra and simplified propagation setup, with the measurements of diffuse gamma-rays. To better constrain the low-energy part of the model, we analyze the 14.6 years of Fermi-LAT data to extract the Galactic diffuse emission between 1 and 500 GeV from the same sky regions of LHAASO, after subtracting the contribution from known sources and the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background. The joint Fermi-LAT and LHAASO spectra thus cover a very wide energy range from 1 GeV to 1 PeV with small gaps from 0.5 to 10 TeV. Compared with the prediction, we find that clear excesses between several GeV and ~60 TeV of the diffuse emission exist. Possible reasons to explain the excesses may include unresolved sources or more complicated propagation models. We illustrate that an exponential-cutoff-power-law component with an index of -2.40 and cutoff energy of ~30 TeV is able to account for such excesses

Linearly and Circularly Polarized Emission in Sagittarius A*

We perform general relativistic ray-tracing calculations of the transfer of polarized synchrotron radiation through the relativistic accretion flow in Sagittarius (Sgr) A*. Based on a two-temperature magneto-rotational-instability (MRI) induced accretion mode, the birefringence effects are treated self-consistently. By fitting the spectrum and polarization of Sgr A* from millimeter to near-infrared bands, we are able to not only constrain the basic parameters related to the MRI and the electron heating rate, but also limit the orientation of the accretion torus. These constraints lead to unique polarimetric images, which may be compared with future millimeter and sub-millimeter VLBI observations. In combination with general relativistic MHD simulations, the model has the potential to test the MRI with observations of Sgr A*.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, ApJL accepte

CVAR-BASED FORMULATION AND APPROXIMATION METHOD FOR A CLASS OF STOCHASTIC VARIATIONAL INEQUALITY PROBLEMS

Abstract. In this paper, we consider CVaR-based formulation and approximation method proposed by Chen and Li

Molecular states from BˉN\bar{B}N interactions

In 2019, two new structures $\Lambda_b(6146)^0$ and $\Lambda_b(6152)^0$ at the invariant mass spectrum of $\Lambda_b^0\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ observed by the LHCb Collaboration triggers a hot discussion about their inner structure. Although many works study seem to indicate that these two states are conventional three-quark states, $\Lambda_b(6146)^0$ and $\Lambda_b(6152)^0$ might still be $\bar{B}N$ hadronic molecule state, because the mass of $\Lambda_b(6146)^0$ and $\Lambda_b(6152)^0$ are close to the $\bar{B}N$ threshold. In this work, we perform a systematical investigation of the possible heavy molecular states from the interaction of $\bar{B}N$ in a one-boson-exchange approach. The interaction of the system considered is described by the $t$-channel $\sigma$, $\omega$, and $\rho$ mesons exchange. With the one-boson-exchange potentials obtained, the $\bar{B}N$ bound states with different quantum number configurations are got by solving the non-relativistic Schr\"{o}dinger equation. Our calculation suggests that recently observed $\Lambda_b(6146)^0$ can be assigned as a $P$-wave molecular state of $\bar{B}N$ with $I(J^P)=0(3/2^{+})$. However, the $\Lambda_b(6152)^0$ state cannot be accommodated in the current $F$-wave $\bar{B}N$ molecular picture. The calculation also favors the existence of a $S$-wave $\bar{B}N$ state that can not be associated with the $\Lambda_b(5912)^0$. The results in this work are helpful for understanding the high wave molecular states, and future experimental search for the new molecular states

Active-Site Models of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 in DNA Cleavage State

CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful tool for target genome editing in living cells. Significant advances have been made to understand how this system cleaves target DNA. However, due to difficulty in determining active CRISPR-Cas9 structure in DNA cleavage state by X-ray and cryo-EM, it remains uncertain how the HNH and RuvC nuclease domains in CRISPR-Cas9 split the DNA phosphodiester bonds with metal ions and water molecules. Therefore, based on one-and two-metal-ion mechanisms, homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) are suitable tools for building an atomic model of Cas9 in the DNA cleavage state. Here, by modeling and MD, we presented an atomic model of SpCas9-sgRNA-DNA complex with the cleavage state. This model shows that the HNH and RuvC conformations resemble their DNA cleavage state where the active-sites in the complex coordinate with DNA, Mg2+ ions and water. Among them, residues D10, E762, H983 and D986 locate at the first shell of the RuvC active-site and interact with the ions directly, residues H982 or/and H985 are general (Lewis) bases, and the coordinated water is located at the positions for nucleophilic attack of the scissile phosphate. Meanwhile, this catalytic model led us to engineer new SpCas9 variant (SpCas9-H982A + H983D) with reduced off-target effects. Thus, our study provides new mechanistic insights into the CRISPR-Cas9 system in the DNA cleavage state, and offers useful guidance for engineering new CRISPR-Cas9 editing systems with improved specificity