Study of Equilibrium Relative Humidity Properties and Hysteresis for Longan

This research measured the ERH/EMC of Longan during desorption and adsorption processing under the 11 different temperatures among 5C and 90C. The experimental result was analyzed through the non-linear regression analysis of SAS software.The modified Halsey model was suitable on the two parameters model of ERH/EMC of Longan during desorption and adsorption processing. The modified Oswin model was suitable on the three parameters model of ERH/EMC of Longan during desorption and adsorption processing.The mathematics equations of those two modified models were established on this research.The Hystersis phenomenon of Longan was happened between 5c and 90C during storage.The lowest limit for hysteresis appearance occurred at 0.1 moisture(dry base) and 0.2 RH.The relative humidity range of converging beginning of hystersis loop increase as higher temperature and its moiisture range was between 0.18 and 0.22(dry base)本研究針對龍眼在5~90C範圍內,取11個不同溫階進行去濕與回潮ERH/EMC 物性量測;獲得以下結果:龍眼去濕與回潮ERH/EMC二參數糢式以修正 HALSEY模式最適稱.中T參數糢式以修正OSWIN模式最適稱.本研究已建立其 數學模式.5C~90C之間具有遲滯現象,遲滯環面積受溫度變化影響.在等溫 與相同ERH條件下,去濕有較高的EMC值.遲滯損失都發生在0.2~0.65ERH之 間.遲滯發生之低限在emc=0.1(db.)與erh=0.2狀態下. 嘀虩Ⅷ籉珊襤_始 點的相對濕度範圍隨溫度增高而增高; 但含水率範圍均落在18~22%(乾基) 之間

Evaluation of the Correlation between Focal Adhesion Kinase Phosphorylation and Cell Adhesion Force Using “DEP” Technology

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the phenomenon in which a particle, such as a living cell, is polarized and moved by electrical gravity in a non-uniform electric field. In the present study, the DEP force is utilized to act on the cells to induce spatial movement for investigating the correlation between the cell adhesion force and activation level of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The DEP force produced by the non-uniform electric field was used to measure the cell adhesion force of ECV304 cells, on type 1 collagen (COL1)- and fibronectin (FN)-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. For COL1-coating, ECV304 cells revealed weak and variable adhesion force (0.343–0.760 nN) in the first eight hours of incubation. Interestingly, the cell adhesion force of ECV304 at two and five hours of cultivation was significantly high and matched their FAK activation level. In comparison, ECV304 on FN-coated membrane had higher and more stable cell adhesion force (0.577–2.053 nN). FN coating intensified the cell adhesion force of ECV304 with culture time and similar outcome was present on the activation level of FAK. Therefore, this study demonstrated a relationship between cell adhesion force and FAK activation level that was dependant on the choice of the extracellular matrix (ECM) component. Subsequently, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (AG18 and genistein) and one PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) were applied to study the influence of protein phosphorylation on the cell adhesion force. FAK plays an important role on cell attachment and DEP force measurement is a useful technique for studying cell adhesion

蘋果碰擊損傷與吸收能量之研究

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact damage and absorbed energy of apple using an impact test with single pendulum. The peak force, contact time and impulse were obtained from the force-time curve during impact. The damage volume of apple was measured and the absorbed energy was calculated by relationship of energy equilibrium. The effect of damage volume and absorbed energy were investigated under different impact momentum and hammer detector with different curvature radius. The experimental results indicated that the density and moisture contain of apple samples was 0.85g/cm^3 and 84.5% respectively. The flat hammer detector had shorter contact time and higher peak force during impact under different momentum. The damage volume for apple samples increased as impact momentum increased. The hammer detector smaller curvature radius would be caused more large absorbed energy per unit damage volume after impact apple samples. The hammer detector with curvature radius of 32mm had longer contact time, the larger damage volume and the smaller absorbed energy per unit damage volume under the impact momentum of 569.2 and 757.4kg-mm/s. The reason might be the curvature radius of 32mm of hammer detector was closed to the average radius of apple samples.本研究目的是使用一單擺錘型碰擊試驗機對蘋果進行碰擊試驗，碰擊時，由力量－時間波形圖得到的最大撞擊力F(下标 p)、撞擊接觸時間t(下标 c)及衝量值I，碰擊後，量測蘋果的損傷體積，利用能量平衡關係計算得到蘋果碰擊損傷的吸收能量，探討不同的碰擊動量及不同曲率半徑的衝錘探頭下對蘋果碰擊後的果肉損傷體積及吸收能量的影響。由實驗分析結果顯示；蘋果在密度0.85g/立方公分，含水率84.5%下，以平板衝錘探頭碰擊蘋果時有較小的碰擊接觸時間t(下标 c)及較大的最大碰擊力F(下标 p)；蘋果的損傷體積隨著碰擊動量增加而增大，曲率半徑較小的衝錘探頭在碰擊蘋果後會造成較大的單位損傷體積之吸收能量；在碰擊動量569.2及757.4kgmm/s下，曲率半徑32mm的衝錘探頭有較長的碰擊接觸時間t(下标 c)、較大的損傷體積及較小的單位損傷體積之吸收能量，此結果應是衝錘探頭的曲率半徑與蘋果樣本的平均半徑接近之緣故

適用於台灣全島的完全混合日糧(TMR)有效纖維量與均勻度的檢測技術

This study extends the applicability of an existing technique, which examines the homogeneity of TMR and the content of effective fiber in the product, to island-wide dairy farmers in Taiwan. The technique was developed based on, and has been successfully applied to samples in southern Taiwan. The technique was revised by expanding the distribution of samples from 216 sites/10 farmers in the south to 342 sites/17 farmers on the whole island. TMR of an adequate slimness was produced from baled hay using a multi-purpose TMR truck. The product was examined using a ψ3.81 cm screen on the top followed by the upper screen (ψl.90 cm) and the bottom tray of the standard Penn State particle separator. The probability of the product with a particle size between 10-15 cm was higher than 90%. The screw drill operated at a speed fluctuating less than 10% and at a load varying less than 5%. These operation parameters indicate that the machine was operating at a stable condition. The TMR product has a content of effective fiber between 10-20% and the coefficients of variance of the homogeneity and the content of salt were less than 10%. This is considered as good. The result is identical to the use of a Penn State fourlayer push-pull separator or a Penn State threelayer manual separator. There is no significant difference between silage and forage TMRs when the three-layer handle is applied, especially the middle screen (0.8≦ψ≦l.9 cm). The result shows that the technique, which was developed based on dairy farmers in southern Taiwan, can be applied to all dairy farmers on the island. In practical applications, the technique can be applied on line for material selection and machine tuning to produce a TMR with an adequate effective-fiber content and homogeneity for optimal cow feeding.本研究將原本僅適用於南部地區的既有完全混合日糧(TMR)有效纖維量與均勻度檢測技術進行適域化與全區化，採樣區擴及中北部與東部，由10樣本戶216採樣點增至17樣本戶342採樣點。驗證採兼用型TMR機細切圓形乾草包，用於調製適當細切長度的TMR。採用兼用型TMR機進行原車細切調製，成品檢測採用ψ3.81cm頂段篩結合Penn State三段篩的上段篩(ψ1.90cm)與底段箱。細切長度維持在10-15cm的機率達90%以上；細切圓形乾草包作業時，螺旋鑽運轉數度維持於±10%的變動率內；細切的重量負載變動維持於±5%，表現出穩定的機械運轉；所調製的TMR有效纖維量在10-20%間；均勻度的變異，與食鹽成分的變異係數(CV)對照，均在10%內，屬優質的範圍。當以Penn State四層式推拉篩動或三層式手搖篩動方式處理時，並無顯著的差異。對於新鮮與烘乾的TMR，採用三層式手搖篩動，也無顯著的差異，尤以中段篩(0.8≦ψ≦1.9cm)更為明確。測試結果顯示所建立的南區檢測技術可以應用於台灣全區的酪農：適宜的檢測技術是以新鮮TMR，利用三層式手搖篩動，依指標值判定TMR的有效纖維量與均勻度，結果反饋於原料及機械操控的調整改善，以達理想的餵飼需求

Effect of Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction Benefit and Impact of Operator for An Electric Cultivator

汽油引擎式小型農作機械具有輕巧及低耗能的優點，但其排放二氧化碳的廢氣將導致全球溫室效益日益嚴重。本研究主要目的是針對電動中耕除草機在不同質地土壤及不同刀具條件下，進行中耕除草作業試驗，試驗結果以能量消耗及CO_2排放量以及對操作者心跳率影響的資料進行分析探討。結果顯示，在相同除草深度3 cm及作業寬度60 cm條件下操作，比較電動式中耕除草機與引擎式中耕除草機作業性能；壤土田區中，使用除草刀及開墾刀，電動式平均轉彎時間3.0及2.8s；平均作業速度0.52及0.55m/s，引擎式平均轉彎時間3.4及3.2s；平均作業速度0.51及0.52m/s。黏壤土田區中，使用除草刀及開墾刀，電動式平均轉彎時間3.1 及3.3s；平均作業速度0.53及0.52m/s，引擎式平均轉彎時間3.3及3.6s；平均作業速度0.51 m/s。以轉彎時間及作業速度性能比較，電動式中耕除草機優於引擎式中耕除草機，並能圓滿達成中耕除草之高扭力輸出特性需求。由能源消耗及減少碳排放量試驗數據中顯示，壤土田區中，使用除草刀及開墾刀，電動式平均能量消耗費用21.18及20.04NT$/ha；CO_2平均排放量5.43及5.14kg/ha；引擎式平均能量消耗費用354.03及347.01 NT$/ha；CO_2平均排放量25.97及25.45 kg/ha。黏壤土田區中，使用除草刀及開墾刀，電動式平均能量消耗費用20.78及21.18NT$/ha；CO_2平均排放量5.33及5.43 kg/ha；引擎式平均能量消耗費用353.64 NT$/ha；CO_2平均排放量25.94kg/ha。以能量消耗費用及CO_2排放量比較，電動式中耕除草機的能量消耗及CO_2排放量都低於引擎式中耕除草機，其降低能源消耗及減少碳排放量效益顯著。由實際田間作業量測得到的操作人員心跳率結果顯示，電動式中耕除草機心跳率的變化低於引擎式中耕除草機，具有統計學顯著差異。因此在長期田間作業下，電動式中耕除草機有利於降低操作人員體能消耗及疲勞度。Gasoline engine type small farming machinery has the advantage of lightweight and low energy, but its emissions of carbon dioxide will lead to global greenhouse gas benefits of growing. The main purpose of this study is for the electric cultivators under different soil textures and different tools conditions, weeding operation test, the test results of energy consumption and CO_2 emissions, and heart rate data to the operator to analyze the impact of the discussion. The results showed that operate in the same weeding and working width 60cm depth 3cm conditions, more electric cultivator and engine operating performance; loam field area, and reclaimed using weed cutter knives, electric and average turn time 3.0 2.8s; average operating speed of 0.52 and 0.55m/s, the average turn time engine type 3.4 and 3.2s; average operating speed of 0.51 and 0.52m/s. Clay loam field area, and reclaimed using weed cutter knives, electric average turn time 3.1 and 3.3s; average operating speed of 0.53 and 0.52m/s, the average turn time engine type 3.3 and 3.6s; average operating speed of 0.51m/s. Time to turn and operating speed performance comparison, electric cultivator superior engine type, and can successfully achieve high torque output characteristics of the demand for weeding. Reduce the energy consumption and carbon emissions test data shows that loam field area, use a knife and reclamation weeding knife, the average electric energy consumption and costs 21.18 20.04 NT$/ha a; CO_2 emissions by an average of 5.43 and 5.14kg/ha; engine type average energy consumption costs 354.03 and 347.01 NT$/ha; CO_2 emissions by an average of 25.97 and 25.45 kg/ha. Clay loam field area, and reclaimed using weed cutter knives, electric energy consumption of the average cost of 20.78 and 21.18 NT$/ha; CO_2 emissions by an average of 5.33 and 5.43 kg/ha; engine type average energy consumption costs 353.64 NT$/ha; The average CO_2 emissions of 25.94 kg/ha. The cost of energy consumption and CO_2 emissions compared to the energy consumption of electric cultivator and CO_2 emissions are below the engine type cultivator, which significantly reduce energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions benefits. The operator heart rate results measured by the actual field operations resulting display, change the electric cultivator heart rate is lower than the engine type cultivator, a statistically significant difference. Therefore, in the long-term field work, electric cultivator helps to reduce physical exertion and operator fatigue

Investigate the Influence of the Quality of the Baking Strength to Camellia Oil

本研究以冷壓法壓榨油茶籽，並由不同烘焙溫度及時間調控茶油製程。溫度因子分為80、100、120、140及160°C五個水準，時間因子分為15、25及35分鐘三個水準。冷壓壓榨方式以兩段式間隔加壓進行，第一階段以加壓時間2.5秒停止12秒的方式，持續加壓至200kg/cm^2，並保持壓力狀態600秒。第二階段加壓方式相同，壓力由200kg/cm^2加壓至550kg/cm^2後，保持壓力狀態2200秒。壓榨所得茶油樣本經沉澱後，逐步進行各項理化特性分析。結果顯示，各試驗組之油樣品過氧化價都低於20毫當量（meq/kg），酸價都在2 mg KOH/g以內。褐變指數與油脂氧化安定性分析結果顯示，安定性最高的試驗組為160°C *35分鐘，所需時間最長可達到5.84 ± 0.17（hrs）。感官品評分析結果顯示，整體喜好度最高試驗組為140°C *15分鐘，其次為120°C *15分鐘。This study use cold pressing process to press camellia oil, and use different roasting temperature and time to control the process. The temperature factor is divided into five levels for 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 °C. The time factor is divided into three levels for 15, 25, and 35 minutes. The cold pressing method use two-stage approach to provide the pressure intervals. The first stage use 2.5 seconds pressing time and 12 seconds stop time continuing increase the pressure up to 200 kg/cm^2 and maintain this pressure condition for 600 seconds. The second stage use the same pressurized way as the first stage. The pressure increased from 200 kg/cm^2 to 550 kg/cm^2 and maintains the pressure condition for 2200 seconds. After precipitation, the pressed Camellia oil sample had been analyzed for peroxine value, acid value, oil oxidation stability, sensory evaluation and browning index, and try to figure out the best process condition by the integrated analysis