Dimethyl 3,5-diethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,4-dicarboxyl­ate

The title pyrrole derivative, C12H17NO4, consists of a pyrrole ring with two diagonally attached meth­oxy­carbonyl groups and two diagonally attached ethyl groups. The two carbonyl groups are approximately in the same plane as the pyrrole ring, making dihedral angles of 3.50 (19) and 6.70 (19)°. In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are assembled into dimers in a head-to-head mode by pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Network pharmacology-based elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-migraine effect of Asari Radix et Rhizoma

Purpose: To determine the molecular mechanism involved in the anti-migraine effect of Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR) using network pharmacology. Methods: The compounds present in ARR were identified through information retrieval from literature and public databases, and were screened based on absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity. Target genes related to the selected compounds and migraine were identified or predicted from public databases. Hub genes in ARR against migraine were identified through analysis of interactions in overlapping genes between compounds and migraine target genes, based on STRING database. Gene enrichment analysis of overlapping genes was performed using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Results: A total of 138 compounds were selected as potential bioactive compounds in ARR. Target genes related to the selected compounds (611 genes) and migraine (278 genes) were obtained, including 71 overlapping genes. The hub genes in the anti-migraine effect of ARR were BDNF, IL6, COMT, APP and TNF. Gene enrichment analysis showed the top 10 biological processes or pathways involved in the mechanism of anti-migraine action of ARR. The tissue source of the overlapping genes was not limited to the brain. The results from gene enrichment analysis revealed that the effect of ARR on migraine was holistic, which is characteristic of traditional Chinese medicines. Conclusion: Network pharmacology has been used to decipher the molecular mechanism involved in the action of ARR against migraine. The results provide a scientific basis for the clinical effect of ARR on migraine

Lack of spontaneous ocular neovascularization and attenuated laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in IGF-I overexpression transgenic mice

Robust IGF-I overexpression induces ocular angiogenesis in mice. To investigate the effect of subtle IGF-I overexpression, we examined the ocular phenotype of IGF-II promoter-driven IGF-I transgenic mice. Despite 2.5-fold elevation of IGF-I mRNA in the retina and 29 and 52% increase of IGF-I protein in the retina and aqueous humor, respectively, no ocular abnormality was observed in these transgenics. This was correlated with unaltered VEGF mRNA levels in the transgenic retina. The transgene was also associated with an attenuated laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Differential expression levels and pattern of IGF-I gene may underlie the different retinal phenotypes in different transgenic lines

Color watermarking algorithm combining the quantum discrete cosine transform with the sinusoidal–tent map

To overcome the drawbacks of the existing sinusoidal map and tent map, this paper proposes the design of a sinusoidal–tent (ST) map. The test results indicate that the new chaotic system exhibits more significant advantages in chaos control. Compared with the sinusoidal map and tent map, the proposed sinusoidal–tent map performs better in terms of bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponents. The trajectories of the sinusoidal–tent map can occupy all the phase planes over (0,4), while those of the two classic maps only occupy a small phase space, and the Lyapunov exponents of the ST map are all positive within the range of control parameters, higher than those of seed maps. Simultaneously, a novel quantum scrambling operation is devised based on the sinusoidal–tent map to avoid the periodicity of the quantum Arnold scrambling method. Initially, two chaotic sequences are generated to scramble the pixel positions of the watermark image, further enhancing the security of the watermarking algorithm. Subsequently, the host image is processed by the quantum discrete cosine transform, and finally, the scrambled watermark image is inserted into the medium-frequency band of the transformed host image, ensuring the invisibility of the watermarking. According to the simulation results, the quantum watermarking algorithm has excellent invisibility and robustness

Application of the robust estimate in SLR data preprocessing

An M-estimator, one kind of a robust estimator, has been used in satellite laser ranging (SLR) data preprocessing. It has been shown that the M-estimator has a 50 percent or more breakdown point

Cloning and selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in Ananas comosus

Full length mRNA sequences of Ac-β-actin and Ac-gapdh, and partial mRNA sequences of Ac-18SrRNA and Ac-ubiquitin were cloned from pineapple in this study. The four genes were tested as housekeeping genes in three experimental sets. GeNorm and NormFinder analysis revealed that β-actin was the most appropriate reference gene for qPCR analysis of callus under induction conditions and in different tissue types, meanwhile, 18SrRNA was the most stable reference gene during organ development. Gapdh was the most unstable gene in all tested experimental sets. Transcript level analysis result of AcSERK1 in stressed callus normalized by β-actin and 18SrRNA further confirmed that reference genes selected in this study were suitable for transcript level analysis of pineapple. The expression pattern of AcSERK1 during somatic embryogenesis normalized by β-actin coincided with the cytological features of calluses during somatic embryogenesis. These results will enable more accurate and reliable normalization of qPCR results for transcription analysis in pineapple. Keywords: Reference genes, qPCR, pineapple, geNorm, NormFinder African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(29), pp. 7424-7433, 10 April, 201

Security Defense of Large Scale Networks Under False Data Injection Attacks: An Attack Detection Scheduling Approach

In large scale networks, communication links between nodes are easily injected with false data by adversaries, so this paper proposes a novel security defense strategy to ensure the security of the network from the perspective of attack detection scheduling. Compared with existing attack detection methods, the attack detection scheduling strategy in this paper only needs to detect half of the neighbor node information to ensure the security of the node local state estimation. We first formulate the problem of selecting the sensor to be detected as a combinatorial optimization problem, which is Nondeterminism Polynomial hard (NP-hard). To solve the above problem, we convert the objective function into a submodular function. Then, we propose an attack detection scheduling algorithm based on sequential submodular maximization, which incorporates expert problem to better cope with dynamic attack strategies. The proposed algorithm can run in polynomial time with a theoretical lower bound on the optimization rate. In addition, the proposed algorithm can guarantee the security of the whole network under two kinds of insecurity conditions from the perspective of the augmented estimation error. Finally, a numerical simulation of the industrial continuous stirred tank reactor verifies the effectiveness of the developed approach

Population Diversity of Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) (Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) from Different Geographic Locations in Anhui Province, China

Genetic differentiation, genetic exchange, and influence of natural geographic barrier on the genetic structure of 20 geo-populations of Odontotermes formosanus sampled from different regions in Anhui province, China were detected using ISSR. Seventy-nine polymorphic loci were detected with nine ISSR primers, and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 87.78%. The average number of alleles per locus was 1.8778 ± 0.3294, and the effective number of alleles was 1.4741 ± 0.3438. The Nei′s gene diversity and Shannon information index were 0.2832 ± 0.1696 and 0.4307 ± 0.2274, respectively. All the populations were divided into two groups through UPGMA clustering analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance. One group comprised geo-populations A, C, and J, and the other group consisted of the remaining clusters. Mantel test results revealed no significant correlation between genetic similarity and geographical distance, as well as between elevation. High levels of genetic diversity, genetic mutation, and genetic differentiation were also detected among the geo-populations of O. formosanus. This study revealed the gene flow and possible migration paths of O. formosanus, which are necessary for continuous monitoring and prevention of this species