Perpustakaan Umum Malang Dengan Kombinasi Taman Vertikal Dan Ventilasi Untuk Perancangan Ruang Baca

Kualitas udara dalam ruang merupakan sebuah interaksi yang dapat berubah baiksecara konstan mau pun tidak yang diakibatkan oleh beberapa faktor yangmempengaruhi baik dari lingkungan luar mau pun lingkungan dalam. Salah saturuangan yang berpotensi tinggi untuk mengalami masalah polusi udara dalam ruangadalah ruang perpustakaan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kondisi lingkungan eksternalseperti debu yang terbawa angin dan kondisi internal yaitu bakteri yang terbawa padabuku-buku lama yang dihirup oleh pelaku aktifitas perpustakaan. Dari faktor eksternal,salah satu penyebabnya ialah debu, tanah, dan polutan yang terbawa di udara masuk kedalam ruang perpustakaan. Pengoperasian sistem ventilasi bangunan berperan pentingdalam membawa udara masuk ke dalam ruangan. Salah satu strategi yang telahdisebutkan ialah penggunaan filter. Filter pada ventilasi berfungsi sebagai penyerappolusi yang terbawa angin luar masuk ke ruang dalam. Terdapat beberapa cara untukfiltrasi pada bangunan salah satunya adalah taman vertikal. Diharapkan penggunaankombinasi taman vertikal dan ventilasi dapat menjadi sumber penghawaan alami yangtetap memperhatikan kualitas udara dalam pada perpustakaan agar masalah buruknyakualitas udara ruang dalam pada perpustakaan dapat direduksi

Colour image representation by scalar variables

A number of studies have shown that it is possible to use a colour codebook, which has a limited number of colours (typically 100-200), to replace the colour gamut and obtain a good quality reconstructed colour image. Thus colour images can be displayed on less expensive devices retaining high quality and can be stored in less space. However, a colour codebook is normally randomly arranged and the coded image, which is referred to as the index image, has no structure. This prevents the use of this kind of colour image representation in any further image processing. The objective of the research described in this thesis is to explore the possibility of making the index image meaningful, that is, the index image can retain the structure existing in the original full colour image, such as correlation and edges. In this way, a three band colour image represented by colour vectors can be transfomled into a one band index image represented by scalar variables. To achieve the scalar representation of colour images, the colour codebook must be ordered to satisfy the following two conditions: (I) codewords representing similar colours must be close together in the code book and (2) close code words in the codebook must represent similar colours. Some effective methods are proposed for ordering the colour codebook. First, several grouping strategies are suggested for grouping the code words representing similar colours together. Second, an ordering function is designed, which gives a quantity. measurement of the satisfaction of the two conditions of an ordered codebook. The code book ordering is then iteratively refined by the ordering function. Finally, techniques, such as artificial codeword insertion, are developed to refine the code book ordering further. A number of algorithms for colour codebook ordering have been tried to retain as much structure in the index image as possible. The efficiency of the algorithms for ordering a colour codebook has been tested by applying some image processing techniques to the index image. A VQ/DCT colour image coding scheme has been developed to test the possibility of compressing and decompressing the index image. Edge detection is applied to the index image to test how well the edges existing in the original colour image can be retained in the index image. Experiments demonstrate that the index image can retain a lot of structure existing in the original colour image if the codebook is ordered by an appreciate ordering algorithm, such as the PNNbased/ ordering function method together with artificial codeword insertion. Then further image processing techniques, such as image compression and edge detection, can be applied to the index image. In this way, colour image processing can be realized by index image processing in the same way as monochrome image processing. In this sense, a three-band colour image represented by colour vectors is transformed into a single band index image represented by scalar variables

Giant Optical Second Harmonic Generation in Two-Dimensional Multiferroics

Nonlinear optical properties of materials such as second and higher order harmonic generation and electro-optic effect play pivotal roles in lasers, frequency conversion, electro-optic modulators, switches, and so forth. The strength of nonlinear optical responses highly depends on intrinsic crystal symmetry, transition dipole moments, specific optical excitation, and local environment. Using first-principles electronic structure theory, here we predict giant second harmonic generation (SHG) in recently discovered two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric–ferroelastic multiferroics–group IV monochalcogenides (i.e., GeSe, GeS, SnSe, and SnS). Remarkably, the strength of SHG susceptibility in GeSe and SnSe monolayers is more than 1 order of magnitude higher than that in monolayer MoS₂, and 2 orders of magnitude higher than that in monolayer hexagonal BN. Their extraordinary SHG is dominated by the large residual of two opposite intraband contributions in the SHG susceptibility. More importantly, the SHG polarization anisotropy is strongly correlated with the intrinsic ferroelastic and ferroelectric orders in group IV monochalcogenide monolayers. Our present findings provide a microscopic understanding of the large SHG susceptibility in 2D group IV monochalcogenide multiferroics from first-principles theory and open up a variety of new avenues for 2D ferroelectrics, multiferroics, and nonlinear optoelectronics, for example, realizing active electrical/optical/mechanical switching of ferroic orders in 2D multiferroics and in situ ultrafast optical characterization of local atomistic and electronic structures using noncontact noninvasive optical SHG techniques

Metal-Free Oxidative Spirocyclization of Hydroxymethylacrylamide with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds: A New Route to Spirooxindoles

A metal-free oxidative spirocyclization of hydroxymethylacrylamide with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is described. The reaction proceeds through tandem dual C–H functionalization and intramolecular dehydration, in which two new C–C bonds and one C–O bond were formed. This method affords a novel and straightforward access to various spirooxindoles under mild conditions

Palladium-Catalyzed Alkylarylation of Acrylamides with Unactivated Alkyl Halides

An efficient palladium-catalyzed alkylarylation of acrylamides with unactivated alkyl halides has been developed. This method is highlighted by its broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance. In addition to alkyl halides, fluoroalkyl halides and benzyl bromides also participated well in this transformation. A detailed mechanistic investigation suggests that a radical pathway is probably involved in the cyclization process

Aryl Fluorosulfate Trapped Staudinger Reduction

A chemoselective Staudinger reduction/sulfur­(VI) fluoride exchange cascade has been developed to join two chemical segments through an aryl sulfamate ester (RNH–SO₂–OAr) linkage. Aryl fluorosulfate is exploited in this work as the first tetrahedral electrophilic trap for the in situ generated iminophosphorane. Ten examples using azide-containing compounds are presented

SUs’ periodic sensing and access.

<p>SUs’ periodic sensing and access.</p

SUs’ forced termination probability with reserved channels.

<p>SUs’ forced termination probability with reserved channels.</p

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Image_1_Impact of wine-grape continuous cropping on soil enzyme activity and the composition and function of the soil microbial community in arid areas.pdf

IntroductionContinuous cropping affected the stability of soil enzyme activity and the structural characteristics of microbial community. Owing to challenges in the study of complex rhizosphere microbial communities, the composition and function of these microbial communities in farmland ecosystems remain elusive. Here, we studied the microbial communities of the rhizosphere of wine grapes with different years of continuous cropping and investigated their relationships with soil enzyme activity.MethodsMetagenomic sequencing was conducted on the rhizosphere soils from one uncultivated wasteland and four vineyards with varying durations of continuous cropping.ResultsThe predominant microbial were bacteria (98.39%), followed by archaea (1.15%) and eukaryotes (0.45%). Continuous cropping caused a significant increase in the relative abundance of Rhizobiales and Micrococcales but a marked decrease in Solirubrobacterales. At the genus level, 75, 88, 65, 132, and 128 microbial genera were unique to uncultivated wasteland, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years of continuous cropping, respectively. The relative abundance of genes with signal transduction function was the highest. The activity of all enzymes measured in this study peaked at 5 years of continuous cropping, and then decreased with 10 to 15 year of continuous cropping, but increased at 20 years again. In addition, soil enzyme activity, especially of alkaline phosphatase was significantly correlated with the diversity of the dominant microorganisms at the genus level. Moreover, the coupled enzyme activities had a greater impact on the diversity of the microbial community than that of individual enzymes.ConclusionOur findings reveal the composition and function of the soil microbial communities and enzymes activity in response to changes in cropping years, which has important implications for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles and optimizing land use.</p