Leisure Constraints and Negotiation Strategies among Malaysian Women's Participation in Sport Tourism

There has been positive expansion of research on women's leisure constraints in various disciplines but none was on Malaysian women's sport tourism participation. Furthermore leisure constraints experienced by Malaysian women differed significantly from those experienced by the general population as they have to adhere to cultural tradition to a greater extent than others. Therefore, this study explored the leisure constraints and negotiation strategies among Malaysian women's participation in sport tourism events. Besides that it assists in understanding the evolution of leisure in general as research of different cultural backgrounds would greatly enhance the leisure constraints literature. A self-administered questionnaire adapted from Crawford et al.'s hierarchical model of leisure constraints (1991), Chick and Dong's (2003) leisure constraints across culture scale, and Hubbard and Mannell (2001) negotiation strategies scale was developed for this study. Multistage cluster random sampling with proportion design was used to draw samples and data collected from 636 respondents were analyzed using SPSS-PC. The results reveal that Malaysian women perceived a combination of interpersonal constraints, structural constraints, intrapersonal constraints, and cultural constraints with interpersonal constraints most highly perceived in sport tourism participation. The identification of cultural factor reading "I am obliged to visit my parents/grandparents when I have holidays" as the leisure constraint most highly perceived by Malaysian women clearly indicates that cultural constraints component plays important role in deciding the levels of sport tourism participation among Malaysian women. Analysis revealed that age, ethnic, marital status, occupation, and monthly family income factors do partially influenced Malaysian women's perception of leisure constraints in sport tourism participation. A combination of interpersonal coordination, skill acquisition, financial resources, and time management strategies place some Malaysian women in a better position to negotiate leisure constraints in sport tourism with majority adopting interpersonal coordination factors. Age, ethnic, marital status, occupation, and monthly family income factors do partially affect the adoption of negotiation strategies components in sport tourism participation. Significant relationship existed between negotiation strategies and the overall leisure constraints of Malaysian women participating in sport tourism controlling for age, ethnic, marital status, occupation and monthly family income groups. It could be assumed that age, ethnic, marital status, occupation and monthly family income groups did not affect the relationships between Malaysian women's adoption of negotiation strategies with the overall leisure constraints perceived in sport tourism participations

Multiculturism: Issues of Malaysian female sport tourists’ in event-based sport tourism

In a multiracial society, female's leisure practices are different than the general public because their choices are controlled by the structure of society within different cultures.This study is concerned with the barriers and negotiations experienced by Malaysian females in event-based sports tourism, based on Crawford, Jackson, and Godbey's (1991) hierarchical model of leisure constraints. The barriers experienced were related to structural and cultural components.The negotiations assumed were interpersonal coordination, skill acquisition, financial resources, and time management strategies. The insights gained could benefit the related operators in preparing strategies to tap the mega-billion ringgit sports tourism market

Multiculturism: Issues of Malaysian Female Sport Tourists’ In Event-based Sport Tourism

AbstractIn a multiracial society, female's leisure practices are different than the general public because their choices are controlled by the structure of society within different cultures. This study is concerned with the barriers and negotiations experienced by Malaysian females in event-based sports tourism, based on Crawford, Jackson, and Godbey's (1991) hierarchical model of leisure constraints. The barriers experienced were related to structural and cultural components. The negotiations assumed were interpersonal coordination, skill acquisition, financial resources, and time management strategies. The insights gained could benefit the related operators in preparing strategies to tap the mega-billion ringgit sports tourism market

Sport tourism: Physically-disabled sport tourists’ orientation

It is a challenge for sport tourism providers to organize the exceptional demand of physically-disabled individuals.Analyzing the orientation of physically-disabled in sport tourism participation provides the basis for further theoretical recognition of constraints and negotiations in sport tourism in general, besides facilitating related providers and policy makers in understanding of strategies development to promote sporting events among individuals with disability. The objective of the current paper is answered based on survey research conducted in a representative sample of 312 physically-disabled Malaysian. According to the results, physically-disabled Malaysian struggle with a mix of structural constraints, interpersonal constraints, intrapersonal constraints, and cultural constraints. Majority of them are structurally constrained in sporting event participation. Although transportation is the main constraint factor, participations are possible through adoption of interpersonal coordination strategies, skill acquisition strategies, time management strategies, and financial resources strategie

Acceptance of online sports marketing among Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation Student in UiTM (Perlis) / Radzliyana Radzuwan, Khor Poy Hua and Lim Khong Chiu

The online marketing has gained prominence among sport event tourists due to its sophisticated features. Even though researchers have examined various factors that influence general consumer use of the Internet, but there are limited research conducted on acceptance of online sports marketing. Thus, a survey was conducted to identify the components of benefits perceived (accessibility, flexibility, interactivity and reliability) and components of challenges experienced (technical challenges and organizational and behavioral challanges) in acceptance of online sports marketing. Using the Sport Website Acceptance Model (SWAM) and Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) as its theoretical framework, this study analyzed the data by applying Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and independent sample ttest to test research hypotheses. A number of 126 respondents among the FSR students of UiTM (Perlis) were involved in this present research. Self-administered questionnaire was distributed equally to 63 male and 63 female students. Research was conducted through implementation of systematic simple random sampling. Findings highlight the advancement on four major points, namely the benefits perceived and also the challenges experienced in acceptance of online marketing, besides the facts that online sports marketing can increase individual‟s behavioral intention toward the sports event tourism, and website communication can create favorable attitudes toward sport event

The sports event’s quality towards attendance of tourists at sports event hosted at Northern Zone of Malaysia / Khor Poy Hua, Lim Khong Chiu and Radzliyana Radzuwan

Sports tourism is an essential part of world tourism and is trendy in Malaysia. Malaysia recorded about 25.83million tourist arrivals in 2018. Efficient delivery of hospitality services to the sports tourists will contribute to the multi-billion-dollar sports tourism business.In a competitive sports tourism market, offering sporting event requires being deeply acknowledged with the reasons that attracts tourists’ choice of specific sporting event and the degree of satisfaction that these sports tourists perceived from the service provided. As so,thispresent study discusses on the sports event’s quality towards attendance of tourists at sports event hosted at northern zone of Malaysia. The objectives of this study are answered based on survey research conducted among 351 sports tourists at the sports event organized at northern zone of Malaysia. The study reveals that the intangible aspect of sports event’s quality highly affects tourists’ attendance at sports event hosted in Northern Zone of Malaysia, compared to the tangible aspect. Growing economy plays an important role in ensuring the quality of sports event. Findings reveal dissimilarities on perception of quality towards sports event between the gender groups, with the male tourists displaying higher sensitivity. Further study on sports events hosted in other region of Malaysia could contribute to development of quality sports events in promoting Malaysia as an international sports tourism destination

Visitor's motivations and perceptions on service quality at the KL International Tattoo Show

This study aims to assess visitors' perceptions on service quality at the KL International Tatoo Show and determine their motives for participating in the event. The sample comprised of 401 visitors attending the event. A quantitative survey in the form of self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data. The results showed that the main motive for visitors to visit the KL International Tattoo Show was to have some entertainment. The results also seemed to support that knowledge, sociability, relaxation, entertainment, and prestige were the motivating factors for visitors' participation in the event. The findings of the survey also revealed that majority of respondents were moderately satisfied with all the site features listed in the questionnaire but they were satisfied with the staff appearance, their friendly manner and approachability. Thus, this study portrayed important findings relating to the future planning of the event if it was to be a vital part of tourism promotion, as well as providing some insights that would help tourism managers and marketers to develop specific, tailor-made promotional strategies to target such tourists

Student-athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ coaching competency at the Malaysian public institution of higher learning

This study was designed to evaluate the competency level of coaches at the higher institutions’ sports competitions organized by the Universities Sports Council of Malaysia. Multi-dimensional model of leadership behaviors and models of coaching effectiveness were used as the basis for the theoretical framework.A total of 322 student-athletes comprising 183 (57.2%) men and 137 (44.8%) women were participated in the questionnaire survey.Researchers have adapted the Coaching Competency Scale for data collection. The results of this study indicate that the coaches’ competency level were not differ significantly by gender and performance of student-athletes, but it was differed significantly by type of sport, between team and individual sports.The information from this study may help coaches to some extent in planning strategies for coaching athletes to ensure the effectiveness of its role as a coach

Student-athletes’ evaluation of coaches’ coaching competencies and their sport achievement motivation

The primary concerns of this study is whether universities’ sport coaches possess good coaching competency skills in bringing up potential athletes for the country.What are coaches’ coaching competency levels? Do their competencies capability able to contribute significantly to sport achievement motivation of student-athletes? Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the competency level of coaches and student-athletes’ achievement motivation at the Higher Educational Institutions (HEI) in sports competitions.A total of 322 student-athletes were participated in the questionnaire survey. Researchers have adapted the Coaching Competency Scale to measure four different dimensions of coaching competency and Sport Orientation Questionnaire to measure achievement motivation of student-athletes. Validity and reliability of the instrument were found to be satisfactory.The results of this study indicate that the coaches’ competency levels at the HEI were not differ significantly by gender and performance of student-athletes, but it was differed significantly by type of sport, between team and individual sports.In addition, this study showed that there was a moderate relationship between the competencies of sport coaches and achievement motivation among student-athletes.However, among the coaches’ coaching competencies, motivation competency of coaches was found to be significant contributor to student-athletes sport achievement motivation. The study provides important insights from the perspective of sport development programme at the related organizations which can be valuable in identifying and recruiting suitable coaches; and helping coaches to some extent in planning strategies for coaching athletes to ensure the effectiveness of its role as a coach

Sports events tourism: The impact of online sports marketing in significance to sports consumer behaviour

Sports events tourism is a major component of sports-related tourism in many countries worldwide.AS the sports events market is very competitive, the event organizers must be creative and possess entrepreneurial skills when marketing their sports events.Previous research revealed that the Internet has developed faster than any form of electronic technology or communication.The Internet has been found to be an effective way to create an image for products and services that can impact consumer behaviour while reinforcing satisfaction and loyalty.Purpose: This study focuses on the sports events tourism and the impact of online sports marketing by using the assimilation theory and the Sports Websites Acceptance Model (SWAM) in significance to sports consumer behaviour by using the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) as the theoretical based.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to 160 respondents among active and passive sports tourists involved in the 2011 Monsoon Cup Terengganu.Convenience sampling was chosen as the research method in collecting data from targeted respondents.Results: The results reveal that both groups' active and passive sports tourists perceived or experienced a combination of advantages of online sports marketing, namely cheap and costless, customer service and access of information.Initially, the overall of 31 items of advantages were listed and item of the highest score was obtained from the chap and costless component when it is "reachable at public amenities', that means it could be reached at almost everywhere particularly at public areas and it is free.It was also identified that in terms of the challenges experienced by active and passive sports tourists in obtaining sports information from the online sports marketing is sports tourism websites did not consist of appropriate colours and audio visuals.This is significance to sports consumer behaviours in order to develop awareness and capture attention of one particular sports tourism events.In short, it leads event organizers to recognize that online sports marketing can should be the major tool of marketing process.Specifically, age and monthly family income do not influence the challenges experienced by active and passive sports events tourist.Conclusion: Analysing the impact of online sports marketing in significance to sports consumer behaviours provides the basis for further conceptual understanding of advantages and challenges of online sports marketing in the sports event tourism field.Besides, the information gathered gives sport tourism providers and policy makers the opportunity to expand their marketing strategy by fully utilizing on the Internet marketing in order to understand better the demand for sport events consumer in serving existing sport tourists, as well as attract new sport tourists