Protection system analysis on power distribution network

A well-planned and efficient distribution network is the important key to cope up with the highly increasing demand of electricity in domestic, industrial and commercial use. For the reliable power distribution network, the protection of the system is really important as short circuits occur due to the equipment insulation failure, system over-voltage caused by lighting or switching surges and other mechanical and natural causes. One of the main devices that are used in the power system protection is protective relay that sense the fault and trip the circuit break and protect the electrical equipment. Power can be recovered by taking from another alternate source of supply during fault to minimise the power failure. The main objective of this project is to study and analysis the current and time settings of protective relays and their coordination of time settings between circuit breaks for fault isolation. Different types of equipment in the distribution network such as power transformers; switch-gears and protection devices will be discussed to have a reliable distribution system in this project. Differential protection for transformers, over-current protection and the time current characteristic analysis for the relay will also going to be covered in this report. The main concept for the design project is to restore the electrical power from alternative supply after clearing the fault at the faulty transformer feeder. By using MATLAB Simulink software, to simulate the design project and produce waveform to analyse the voltage and current of the transformers when fault occurs at the distribution network.Bachelor of Engineerin

Performance and Outcomes of Routine Viral Load Testing in People Living with HIV Newly Initiating ART in the Integrated HIV Care Program in Myanmar between January 2016 and December 2017

Myanmar has introduced routine viral load (VL) testing for people living with HIV (PLHIV) starting first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). The first VL test was initially scheduled at 12-months and one year later this changed to 6-months. Using routinely collected secondary data, we assessed program performance of routine VL testing at 12-months and 6-months in PLHIV starting ART in the Integrated HIV-Care Program, Myanmar, from January 2016 to December 2017. There were 7153 PLHIV scheduled for VL testing at 12-months and 1976 scheduled for VL testing at 6-months. Among those eligible for testing, the first VL test was performed in 3476 (51%) of the 12-month cohort and 952 (50%) of the 6-month cohort. In the 12-month cohort, 10% had VL > 1000 copies/mL, 79% had repeat VL tests, 42% had repeat VL > 1000 copies/mL (virologic failure) and 85% were switched to second-line ART. In the 6-month cohort, 11% had VL > 1000 copies/mL, 83% had repeat VL tests, 26% had repeat VL > 1000 copies/mL (virologic failure) and 39% were switched to second-line ART. In conclusion, half of PLHIV initiated on ART had VL testing as scheduled at 12-months or 6-months, but fewer PLHIV in the 6-month cohort were diagnosed with virologic failure and switched to second-line ART. Programmatic implications are discussed

Patients with MDR-TB on domiciliary care in programmatic settings in Myanmar: Effect of a support package on preventing early deaths

<div><p>Background</p><p>The community-based MDR-TB care (CBMDR-TBC) project was implemented in 2015 by The Union in collaboration with national TB programme (NTP) in 33 townships of upper Myanmar to improve treatment outcomes among patients with MDR-TB registered under NTP. They received community-based support through the project staff, in addition to the routine domiciliary care provided by NTP staff. Each project township had a project nurse exclusively for MDR-TB and a community volunteer who provided evening directly observed therapy (in addition to morning directly observed therapy by NTP).</p><p>Objectives</p><p>To determine the effect of CBMDR-TBC project on death and unfavourable outcomes during the intensive phase of MDR-TB treatment.</p><p>Methods</p><p>In this cohort study involving record review, all patients diagnosed with MDR-TB between January 2015 and June 2016 in project townships and initiated on treatment till 31 Dec 2016 were included. CBMDR-TBC status was categorized as “receiving support” if project initiation in patient’s township was before treatment initiation, “receiving partial support” if project initiation was after treatment initiation, and “not receiving support” if project initiation was after intensive phase treatment outcome declaration. Time to event analysis (censored on 10 April 2017) and cox regression was done.</p><p>Results</p><p>Of 261 patients initiated on treatment, death and unfavourable outcomes were accounted for 13% and 21% among “receiving support (n = 163)”, 3% and 24% among “receiving partial support (n = 75)” and 13% and 26% among “not receiving support (n = 23)” respectively. After adjusting for other potential confounders, the association between CBMDR-TBC and unfavourable outcomes was not statistically significant. However, when compared to “not receiving support”, those “receiving support” and “receiving partial support” had 20% [aHR (0.95 CI: 0.8 (0.2–3.1)] and 90% lower hazard [aHR (0.95 CI: 0.1 (0.02–0.9)] of death, respectively. This was intriguing. Implementation of CBMDR-TBC coincided with implementation of decentralized MDR-TB centers at district level. Hence, patients that would have generally not accessed MDR-TB treatment before decentralization also started receiving treatment and were also included under CBMDR-TBC “received support” group. These patients could possibly be expected to sicker at treatment initiation than patients in other CBMDR-TBC groups. This could be the possible reason for nullifying the effect of CBMDR-TBC in “receiving support” group and therefore similar survival was found when compared to “not receiving support”.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>CBMDR-TBC may prevent early deaths and has a scope for expansion to other townships of Myanmar and implications for NTPs globally. However, future studies should consider including data on extent of sickness at treatment initiation and patient level support received under CBMDR-TBC.</p></div

Risk factors for unfavorable treatment outcomes among patients with MDR-TB registered for treatment between January 2015 and June 2016 in 33 community-based MDR-TB care (CBMDR-TBC) project supported townships in Myanmar.

<p>Risk factors for unfavorable treatment outcomes among patients with MDR-TB registered for treatment between January 2015 and June 2016 in 33 community-based MDR-TB care (CBMDR-TBC) project supported townships in Myanmar.</p

Demographic characteristics of patients with MDRTB registered for treatment between January 2015 and June 2016 in 33 community-based MDR-TB care (CBMDR-TBC) project supported townships in Myanmar.

<p>Demographic characteristics of patients with MDRTB registered for treatment between January 2015 and June 2016 in 33 community-based MDR-TB care (CBMDR-TBC) project supported townships in Myanmar.</p

Criteria to identify presumptive MDR-TB under programme setting who were referred to X-pert MTB/RIF testing facilities, Myanmar, 2015–16.

<p>Criteria to identify presumptive MDR-TB under programme setting who were referred to X-pert MTB/RIF testing facilities, Myanmar, 2015–16.</p

Death in intensive phase among patients with MDRTB registered for treatment between January 2015 and June 2016 in 33 community-based MDR-TB care (CBMDR-TBC) project supported townships in Myanmar (all patients and by CBMDR-TBC status).

<p>*under CBMDR_TBC after treatment initiation (“receiving partial support”); under CBMDR-TBC before treatment initiation (“receiving support”); Log rank test p value = 0.03 (unadjusted).</p

Consumption of fruits and vegetables and associations with risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the Yangon region of Myanmar: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES: To explore the intake of fruits and vegetables in the Yangon region, Myanmar, and to describe associations between intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) and established risk factors for non-communicable diseases. DESIGN: 2 cross-sectional studies, using the STEPs methodology. SETTING: Urban and rural areas of the Yangon region of Myanmar. PARTICIPANTS: 1486, men and women, 25-74 years, were recruited through a multistage cluster sampling method. Institutionalised people, military personnel, Buddhist monks and nuns were not invited. Physically and mentally ill people were excluded. RESULTS: Mean intake of fruit was 0.8 (SE 0.1) and 0.6 (0.0) servings/day and of vegetables 2.2 (0.1) and 1.2 (0.1) servings/day, in urban and rural areas, respectively. Adjusted for included confounders (age, sex, location, income, education, smoking and low physical activity), men and women eating ≥2 servings of fruits and vegetables/day had lower odds than others of hypertriglyceridaemia (OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.94)). On average, women eating at least 2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day had cholesterol levels 0.28 mmol/L lower than the levels of other women. When only adjusted for sex and age, men eating at least 2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day had cholesterol levels 0.27 mmol/L higher than other men. CONCLUSIONS: A high intake of FV was associated with lower odds of hypertriglyceridaemia among men and women. It was also associated with cholesterol levels, negatively among women and positively among men

Operational definition of MDR-TB treatment outcomes at end of intensive phase, Myanmar (2015–16) [11].

<p>Operational definition of MDR-TB treatment outcomes at end of intensive phase, Myanmar (2015–16) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0187223#pone.0187223.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>].</p