22 research outputs found
Uniform, High-Aspect-Ratio, and Patchy 2D Platelets by Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Crystallizable Poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane)-Based Homopolymers with Hydrophilic Charged Termini
Complex and Hierarchical 2D Assemblies via Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Poly(L-lactide) Homopolymers with Charged Termini
Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)-based
nanoparticles have attracted
much attention with respect to applications in drug delivery and nanomedicine
as a result of their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Nevertheless,
the ability to prepare PLLA assemblies with well-defined shape and
dimensions is limited and represents a key challenge. Herein we report
access to a series of monodisperse complex and hierarchical colloidally
stable 2D structures based on PLLA cores using the seeded growth,
“living-crystallization-driven self-assembly” method.
Specifically, we describe the formation of diamond-shaped platelet
micelles and concentric “patchy” block co-micelles by
using seeds of the charge-terminated homopolymer PLLA<sub>24</sub>[PPh<sub>2</sub>Me]I to initiate the sequential growth of either
additional PLLA<sub>24</sub>[PPh<sub>2</sub>Me]I or a crystallizable
blend of the latter with the block copolymer PLLA<sub>42</sub>-<i>b</i>-P2VP<sub>240</sub>, respectively. The epitaxial nature
of the growth processes used for the creation of the 2D block co-micelles
was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction analysis. Cross-linking
of the P2VP corona of the peripheral block in the 2D block co-micelles
using Pt nanoparticles followed by dissolution of the interior region
in good solvent for PLLA led to the formation of novel, hollow diamond-shaped
assemblies. We also demonstrate that, in contrast to the aforementioned
results, seeded growth of the unsymmetrical PLLA BCPs PLLA<sub>42</sub>-<i>b</i>-P2VP<sub>240</sub> or PLLA<sub>20</sub>-<i>b</i>-PAGE<sub>80</sub> alone from 2D platelets leads to the
formation of diamond-fiber hybrid structures
Uniform “Patchy” Platelets by Seeded Heteroepitaxial Growth of Crystallizable Polymer Blends in Two Dimensions
Rectangular platelets formed by the
self-assembly of block copolymers
in selective solvents are of interest for a range of applications.
Recently, we showed that the seeded growth of crystallizable blends
of a block copolymer and homopolymer yields well-defined, low area
dispersity examples of these two-dimensional (2D) structures. The
key feature was the use of the same crystallizable polymer segment
in the seed and blend components to enable an efficient homoepitaxial
growth process. Herein we demonstrate that this 2D crystallization-driven
self-assembly approach can be extended to <i>heteroepitaxial</i> growth by the use of different crystallizable polymers with compatible
crystal structures. This allows the formation of well-defined “patchy”
rectangular platelets and platelet block comicelles with different
core chemistries. The use of scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy provided key information on the spatial location
of the components in the resulting assemblies and thereby valuable
insight into the 2D heteroepitaxial growth process
Dimensional control and morphological transformations of supramolecular polymeric nanofibers based on cofacially-stacked planar amphiphilic platinum(II) complexes
Square-planar
platinum(II) complexes often stack cofacially to
yield supramolecular fiber-like structures with interesting photophysical
properties. However, control over fiber dimensions and the resulting
colloidal stability is limited. We report the self-assembly of amphiphilic
Pt(II) complexes with solubilizing ancillary ligands based on polyethylene
glycol [PEG<sub><i>n</i></sub>, where <i>n</i> = 16, 12, 7]. The complex with the longest solubilizing PEG ligand, <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub>, self-assembled to form polydisperse
one-dimensional (1D) nanofibers (diameters <5 nm). Sonication led
to short seeds which, on addition of further molecularly dissolved <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub> complex, underwent elongation
in a “living supramolecular polymerization” process
to yield relatively uniform fibers of length up to <i>ca</i>. 400 nm. The fiber lengths were dependent on the <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub> complex to seed mass ratio in a manner
analogous to a living covalent polymerization of molecular monomers.
Moreover, the fiber lengths were unchanged in solution after 1 week
and were therefore “static” with respect to interfiber
exchange processes on this time scale. In contrast, similarly formed
near-uniform fibers of <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>12</b></sub> exhibited dynamic behavior that led to broadening of the length
distribution within 48 h. After aging for 4 weeks in solution, <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>12</b></sub> fibers partially evolved
into 2D platelets. Furthermore, self-assembly of <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>7</b></sub> yielded only transient fibers which rapidly
evolved into 2D platelets. On addition of further fiber-forming Pt
complex (<b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub>), the platelets
formed assemblies <i>via</i> the growth of fibers selectively
from their short edges. Our studies demonstrate that when interfiber
dynamic exchange is suppressed, dimensional control and hierarchical
structure formation are possible for supramolecular polymers through
the use of kinetically controlled seeded growth methods
Morphological Structure Induced by Combined Crystallization and Liquid−Liquid Demixing in Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(ether imide) Blends
Redox-active mesomorphic complexes from the ionic self-assembly of cationic polyferrocenylsilane polyelectrolytes and anionic surfactants
Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers with a Short Crystallizable Core-Forming Segment: Controlling Micelle Morphology through the Influence of Molar Mass and Solvent Selectivity
Three well-defined asymmetric crystalline-coil poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane-<i>block</i>-2-vinylpyridine) (PFS-<i>b</i>-P2VP) diblock
copolymers (PFS<sub>44</sub><b>-</b><i>b</i>-P2VP<sub>264</sub>, PFS<sub>75</sub><b>-</b><i>b</i>-P2VP<sub>454</sub>, and PFS<sub>102</sub><b>-</b><i>b</i>-P2VP<sub>625</sub>) with similar block ratios (<i>r</i> = <i>N</i><sub>P2VP</sub>/<i>N</i><sub>PFS</sub> = ca.
6.0 ± 0.1) but different overall molar masses (<i>M</i><sub>n</sub> = 38 700, 65 800, and 90 400 g
mol<sup>–1</sup>) were synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization,
and their solution self-assembly behavior was explored as a function
of (i) molar mass and (ii) the ratio of common to selective solvent.
When self-assembly was performed in isopropanol (i-PrOH), a selective
solvent for P2VP, a decrease in the rate of the crystallization-driven
transition from the initially formed spheres (with amorphous PFS cores)
into cylinders (with crystalline cores) was detected with an increase
in molecular weight. This trend can be explained by a decrease in
the rate of crystallization for the PFS core-forming block as the
chain length increased. In contrast, when a mixture of i-PrOH with
increasing amounts of THF, a common solvent for both blocks, was used,
spheres, cylinders, and also narrow lenticular platelets consisting
of crystallized PFS lamellae sandwiched by two glassy coronal P2VP
layers were formed from the same PFS<sub><i>x</i></sub>-<i>b</i>-P2VP<sub>6<i>x</i></sub> sample. The most likely
explanation involves the plasticization of the PFS core-forming block
which facilitates crystallization, possibly complemented by contraction
of the coils of the P2VP coronal block which otherwise limit of the
lateral growth of the crystalline PFS core as THF is a poorer solvent
for P2VP than i-PrOH. Selected area electron diffraction studies indicated
that the PFS cores of the spherical micelles were amorphous but were
consistent with those of the cylindrical micelles existing in a state
approximating to that of a monoclinic PFS single crystal. In contrast,
in the platelets formed in THF/i-PrOH, the PFS cores were found to
be polycrystalline. The formation of narrow lenticular polycrystalline
platelets rather than a regular, rectangular single crystalline morphology
was attributed to a poisoning effect whereby the interference of the
long P2VP coronal blocks in the growth of a rectangular PFS single
crystalline core introduces defects at the crystal growth fronts
Optimizing Seed Aging for Single Crystal Gold Nanorod Growth: The Critical Role of Gold Nanocluster Crystal Structure
Controlled synthesis
of single crystal gold nanorods (Au NRs) with
desired dimensions, narrow polydispersity, and minimal byproducts
depends critically on the state of the seed solution. Herein, we clarify
the growth of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide stabilized Au seeds and
their impact on conventional seed-mediated growth of Au NRs. UV–vis
spectroscopy, TEM microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering reveal
that during aging of the seed solution, constituents evolve from solubilized
Au-salt precursors (Au[III]) to Au nanoclusters (Au<sub><i>n</i></sub>) to multitwinned Au nanocrystals. The most consistent single
crystal Au NR growth, with minimal byproducts, occurs when the seed
solution contains the maximum concentration of small (<1 nm) nanoclusters
(<i>n</i> < 55, 1 min < <i>t</i><sub>age</sub> < 10 min at <i>T</i> = 25 °C). This point can
be identified spectroscopically between 300 and 480 nm. Additionally,
the optimal clusters coincide approximately with a relative shift
in structural equilibrium of closed-shell Au nanoclusters from predominately
cuboctahedral to icosahedral. Geometrically, a cuboctahedral cluster
can evolve into a single crystal fcc lattice, whereas an icosahedral
cluster must adopt a twinned structure upon growth. This shift is
consistent with the increased number fraction of polycrystalline byproducts
(e.g., twinned spherical particles and rods) if the seeds are aged
beyond this point. Therefore, these observations suggest that the
unique structural properties of Au<sub><i>n</i></sub> nanoclusters
are paramount to the initial formation of single crystal seeds and
their subsequent anisotropic growth