Family Constellation as a Treatment for Overcoming the Consequences of Violence on Victims

The subject of this paper is the implementation of family constellations by Bert Hellinger in work with clients with special emphasis on victims of physical and sexual violence. Although extremely popular in Europe and the world it has not been presented in Serbian scientific literature. As the approach has been developed in Germany as an answer to the situation where a significant part of population was a victim or perpetrator of violence during the Second World War causing suffering not only to them, but also to their offsprings, it offers a special contribution to the work with victims of violence. The aims of the paper are the presentation and analysis of the implementation of family constellations by Bert Hellinger and their effects generally in work with clients as well as with victims of physical and sexual violence. The technique of family constellations based on systemic and phenomenological approach is presented and discussed. Work is in the group, where participants form the circle and person who seeks problem resolution invites representatives persons who are crucial for problem solution previously agreed with constellation facilitator constellator. The constellator communicate with the representatives, encouraging them to express feelings, sensations and movement that will facilitate progress towards finding the optimal solution. The basic theoretical concepts are also analysed, including two types of conscience (individual and family), three basic principles of orders of love (principle of equal right to belong, principle of balance between giving and taking and principle of order) and three levels of the soul (individual, family and great soul). The approach to overcoming consequences of violence on victims of physical violence and incest through symbolic interconnecting with the perpetrator is analysed. When it is applied to violence the victim has an opportunity to get a more comprehensive understanding and to experience an alternative solution that could generate impulse for overcoming the violence. A frequent solution is that the perpetrator takes responsibility and expresses guilt for the deed and suffers together with the victim. That enables the victim to accept and overcome the effects of the violence. This solution is also useful in overcoming consequences of incest because it enables the victim to accept the perpetrator as a member of family. The victim could also have an insight into the role of other family members and significant others, accept it and find a better place in the family for himself/herself. This approach causes different reaction with public with its focus on reparation instead on retribution even in such a difficult issue as incest. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations have documented the positive effects of family constellations on problem solving and social relations of both active and observing participants. Further systematic researches of constellations' effects on victims of violence and comparative studies with other therapeutic approaches are needed

Odnos žrtava prema prestupu i medijaciji između žrtve i prestupnika

The paper analyse relation of victims toward the offence and their readiness for victim-offender mediation (VOM). Aims were analysis of feelings, behaviours and needs of victims regarding the offence, as well as and analysis of readiness of victims for VOM. 17 mediators assessed 41 victims and 42 offenders, participants of 41 VOM by Assessment Visit Check List (Quill, Wynne, 1993). Victims showed strong feelings of bitterness, anger and grievance more frequently than offenders, while offenders showed feeling of guilt more frequently than victims. Victims had higher defensive attitude and self-confidence then offenders. Almost all victims and offenders needed reparation and agreement with the other party. Most of them wanted to know more about the other party in conflict and were opened to contacts with him. The results were discussed in relation to current knowledge.Rad se bavi analizom odnosa žrtava prema prestupu i prema medijaciji između žrtve i prestupnika (MŽP). Ciljevi rada su: analiza osećanja, ponašanja i potreba žrtava u odnosu na prestup, i analiza spremnosti žrtava da se uključe u MŽP. 17 medijatora je pro- cenilo 41 žrtvu i 42 prestupnika, koji su učestvovali u 41 MŽP, primenom Upitnika za prvu procenu (Quill, Wynne, 1993). Žrtve su češće od prestupnika pokazivale snažna osećanja ogorčenosti, ljutnje i povređenosti, a prestupnici su češće pokazivali krivicu. Žrtve su imale izrazitiji odbrambeni stav i bile samopouzdanije od prestupnika. Skoro sve žrtve i prestupnici su imali potrebu za reparacijom i postizanjem sporazuma sa drugom stranom, a velika većina je želela da sazna više o drugoj strani i bila otvorena za kontakte sa njom. Rezultati su diskutovani u svetlu savremenih istraživanja

Procena resursa dece i mladih u sukobu sa normama zajednice

The paper presents a research conducted in order to analyze the representation of resources of children and youth in conflict with community norms in different domains, and to develop an instrument for their comprehensive and rapid assessment in research and prevention programs. A questionnaire, the List of Strengths of Children and Youth in Conflict with Community Norms - LS1, was applied by 32 experts from 9 centers for social work in the assessment of 67 persons aged 11 to 20, referred there due to suspicion of antisocial behavior. The highest representation of resources was obtained in the peer and family groups, and the lowest at work and at school. The LS1 has shown high reliability and a good constructive, convergent and criterion validity, as well as usefulness in practical application. Based on expert suggestions, the LS1 was revised in the LS2 questionnaire.U radu je prikazano istraživanje sprovedeno u cilju analize zastupljenosti resursa dece i mladih u sukobu sa normama zajednice u različitim domenima, kao i razvoja instrumenta za njihovu obuhvatnu i brzu procenu u istraživanjima i preventivnim programima. Upitnik Lista snaga dece i mladih u sukobu sa normama zajednice - LS1 je primenjen od strane 32 stručnjaka iz 9 centara za socijalni rad u proceni 67 osobe uzrasta od 11-20 godina upućenih zbog sumnje na antisocijalno ponašanje. Dobijena je najveća zastupljenost resursa u vršnjačkoj grupi i porodici, a najmanja na poslu i u školi. LS1 je pokazao visoku pouzdanost i dobru konstruktivnu, konvergentnu i kriterijumsku valjanost, kao i korisnost u praktičnoj primeni. Na osnovu sugestija stručnjaka, LS1 je revidiran u upitnik LS2

Preparedness for emancipation of youth leaving alternative care in Serbia

The process of preparing young people for leaving alternative care is not sufficiently researched in Serbia. In order to define what support is necessary for their successful emancipation, this study of 150 young people in care aims to analyse both their preparedness for leaving alternative care, and whether the type of placement (kinship, foster, or residential) makes a difference to the level of preparedness. A mixed method approach was applied. Quantitatively, questionnaires assessing factors contributing to successful emancipation were administered. Qualitatively, transcripts of discussions from 5 focus groups, consisting of a total of 26 participants from all 3 types of placement, were analysed. Most of the youth in the sample indicated they have self-care and housekeeping skills, social skills to make friendships and connections, good grades in school, and aspirations for further schooling and starting a family. However, negative feelings such as disturbance, fear, and sorrow, and a sense of missing support and feeling insufficiently prepared for leaving care were also evident in their answers. Both the focus groups and surveys suggest that the biggest concern with the independence of young people leaving alternative care is financial stability. Several recommendations for ways to influence the system in order to improve outcomes for young people are made

Primena sociodramskog pristupa u edukaciji studenata socijalne politike i socijalnog rada

In this article the effects of application of sociodramatic approach in an academic teaching were explored. The objective of the research was to analyze the effects that system of five teaching units, based on sociodramatic approach, had on the group work variables of students in higher education. The group work variables that were considered were group cohesion, a sense of belonging to a group, a sense of involvement in the group, level of participation in communication, a sense of responsibility for the group, the impact of the participants in the group, the level of organization of the group, the impact of the group informal leaders, the impact of the group formal leader (professor) and focus on the group aim. Research was carried out on a sample of 70 students of Social Policy and Social Work. Applied method was repeated measurements. Analysis of the significance of differences showed significantly higher results for all observed variables in the repeated assessment, while principal component analysis indicated the change in structure of the obtained results. The findings suggest that the application of sociodramatic approach in the academic teaching improves participation of students, their feeling of group belonging and their learning of the method of leading effective group work.U ovom radu istraživani su efekti primene sociodramskog pristupa u visokoškolskoj nastavi. Cilj istraživanja je bio analiza efekata koji sistem od pet nastavnih jedinica, zasnovan na sociodramskom pristupu, ima na varijable grupnog rada kod studenata u visokoškolskoj nastavi. Varijable grupnog rada, koje su razmatrane, bile su: grupna kohezija, osećaj pripadnosti grupi, osećaj uključenosti u grupu, nivo učešća u komunikaciji, osećaj odgovornosti za grupu, uticaj učesnika na grupu, nivo organizovanosti grupe, uticaj neformalnog vođe na grupu, uticaj formalnog vođe na grupu (profesorke) i usmerenost grupe cilju. Sprovedeno je istraživanje metodom ponovljenih merenja na uzorku od 70 studenata socijalne politike i socijalnog rada. Analiza značajnosti razlika pokazala je da su u ponovljenom merenju rezultati na svim posmatranim varijablama bili značajno viši, dok je analiza glavnih komponenti sugerisala i promenu u strukturi odnosa između varijabli. Nalazi sugerišu da primena sociodramskog pristupa u nastavi unapređuje participaciju studenata, njihovo osećanje pripadnosti grupi i učenje načina vođenja efikasnog grupnog rada

Procena aspekata i efekata realizacije terenske prakse od strane studenata socijalne politike i socijalnog rada

Field practice is considered as an important part of academic education, but the researches of its aspects and effects are underrepresented. The paper is aimed at: examination of the representation of field practice aspects among undergraduate students of social politics and social work at the Faculty of Political Sciences - University of Belgrade (FPS-UB) and its effects on development of students' professional competencies, an analysis of differences between students of various academic years and an analysis of the association the effects of practice has with characteristics of work organization - teaching base and cooperation with mentors. Research was conducted by TPS1 questionnaire among 201 students within all four years of academic studies. About four-fifths off all questioned students gave positive answers on majority of aspects of cooperation with mentors, practice organization by FPS-UB and teaching base and practice effects, but there were also some deficiencies. Cooperation with mentors and teaching base organization of practice are highly associated with practice effects and both variables combined have independent impact on variance of practice effects. Findings are discussed in the lights of contemporary researches.Terenska praksa je važan deo savremenog univerzitetskog obrazovanja, ali su istraživanja njenih aspekata i efekata nedovoljno zastupljena. Ciljevi rada su: analiza zastupljenosti aspekata terenske prakse i zadovoljstva ovim aspektima iz perspektive studenata osnovnih studija socijalne politike i socijalnog rada na Fakultetu političkih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu (FPN-UB), njenih efekata na razvoj profesionalnih kompetencija studenata, razlika između studenata različitih studijskih godina i povezanosti efekata prakse sa karakteristikama radne organizacije (nastavne baze za praksu) i sa saradnjom sa mentorima. Istraživanje je sprovedeno upitnikom TPS1 među 201 studentom sa sve četiri godine studija. Oko četiri petine studenata je pozitivno ocenilo većinu aspekata saradnje sa mentorom, organizacije prakse od strane FPN-UB i nastavne baze i efekata prakse, ali su se pokazali i nedostaci. Saradnja sa mentorom i organizacija prakse u nastavnoj bazi visoko su povezane s efektima prakse i obe varijable daju nezavisan uticaj na varijansu efekata prakse. Nalazi su diskutovani u svetlu savremenih istraživanja

Supervision of employees within alternative care of children and youths in the system of social welfare

Supervizija je značajna za sprovođenje i unapređenje profesionalnog rada u sistemu socijalne zaštite, pružanje kvalitetnih usluga korisnicima i dalji razvoj vladinog i nevladinog sektora u ovoj oblasti. Ciljevi rada su: a) analiza ključnih funkcija i aspekata supervizije u okviru socijalne zaštite, i b) analiza zakonskih regulativa i istraživanja supervizije u ustanovama za alternativno staranje o deci i mladima Republike Srbije (RS). Daje se pregled funkcija supervizije u socijalnoj zaštiti. Ukazuje se na kompetencije uspešnog supervizora kao važan aspekat supervizijskog rada i na gledište socijalnog konstruktivizma na interekciju između superviziranog i supervizanta. Važeći Pravilnik o bližim uslovima i standardima pružanja usluga u socijalnoj zaštiti predviđa da pružalac usluge obezbeđuje odgovarajuću stručnu podršku svim licima angažovanim na pružanju usluge koja uključuje superviziju. Međutim, regulativa koja dalja uređuju realizaciju supervizije alternativnog staranja o deci i mladima uglavnom nedostaje, sa izuzetkom Centra za porodični smeštaj i usvojenje Beograd. Zanemarivanje supervizije u podzakonskim aktima dovodi do različitih tumačenja i slabe primene u praksi. Supervizija alternativnog staranja o deci i mladima malo je istražena u svetu, a kod nas još manje. O njoj više posredno zaključujemo na osnovu istraživanja u širem ili u srodnom kontekstu. Radi unapređenja i ujednačavanja kvaliteta supervizije, potrebno je zakonski regulisati obavezno sprovođenje supervizije u okviru svih oblika alternativnog staranja i definisati poslove i kompetencije supervizora, kao i podstaći istraživanja supervizije u ovoj oblasti. Interesantno bi bilo istražiti supervizijski odnos između savetnika za hraniteljstvo i hranitelja, i između stručnih radnika i korisnika usluga.Supervision is important for the implementation and promo- tion of professional work in the social welfare system, the provision of quality services to beneficiaries and the further development of governmental and non-governmental sectors in the area. The aims of the article are: a) analysis of key functions and aspects of supervision within social welfare system, and b) analysis of legal regulations and researches of supervision in the institutions for alternative care of children and youth of the Republic of Serbia (RS)

Uključenost roditelja u iskustvo kiber nasilja kod učenika osnovnih škola

Cyber bullying has been widespread among youth during the last few decades, sometimes with deadly consequences. This type of violence remains too often out of adult's control since for many parents and teachers Internet and social media still represent an unknown territory. The objective of the current study is the analysis of the scope of parental involvement in children's online experience and their peer cyber bullying experience, and the analysis of connection between these two phenomena. Peer cyber bullying included: name calling, harassment, gossiping, identity-misrepresentation, sharing of private photos, videos and communication, social exclusion, stalking via SMS, e-mail, social media and other online communication platforms. The study included 249 middle school students (age 11-16 years, 50.6% female) in Pljevlja, Montenegro. The questionnaire was created for the current study purposes. The results showed that 63.1% students reported that their parents/care-givers talked to them about how to behave toward others when using Internet and 65.2% reported that their parents/care-givers monitor what they do online. Among study subjects there were 13.8% (N = 32) victims of cyber bullying. One third of them (34.4%, N = 11) reported victimization to their parent/caregivers. On the other side, 27.7% (N = 69) students reported that they knew a schoolmate who was cyber bullying the victim, and one quarter of them (24.6%, N = 17) reported schoolmate's victimization to their parents/ care-givers. Victimization was reported to the parents/care-givers significantly more by the students whose parents/care-givers talked to them how to behave toward others when using Internet [x2 = 12.626(1), p lt 0.001], and significantly more by the students whose online activities were monitored by their parents/ care-givers [x2 = 6.145(1), p lt 0.05] than by the students with whom parents did not have such activities. Also, victimization of their schoolmate was reported to parents/care-givers significantly more by the students whose parents talked about how to behave toward others when using Internet [x2 = 7.585(1), p lt 0.01] and significantly more by the students whose online activities were monitored by their parents/care-givers [x2 = 7.622(1), p lt= 0.001], than by the students to whom parents did not have such activities. The strongest correlation was between reporting personal cyber bullying victimization and reporting cyber bullying victimization of a schoolmate [x2 = 22.543(1), p lt= 0.001]. There was no significant correlation between reporting perpetration of cyber bullying and parental involvement in children's online experience, either through conversation about online behaviour or through monitoring. The findings of the research and its implications for the practice were discussed. As the results clearly imply that in practice parents should be encouraged to take an active role in their children's online and cyber bullying experience, some recommendation were presented regarding effective parental involvement, the role of school, police and prosecution in preventing cybercrime and healing its consequences. Strong collaboration between schools and parents, educational campaigns for students and their parents, whole school approach with programs actively involving students like peer education and peer mediation are equally important, as well as the evidence based interventions by psycho-social experts and legislative representatives when it is needed.Kiber nasilje je sve prisutnije među mladima, nekada i sa fatalnim posledicama. Kako za mnoge roditelje i nastavnike internet i društvene mreže predstavljaju nepoznatu teritoriju, to nasilje često izmiče njihovoj kontroli. Ciljevi rada su analiza obima uključenosti roditelja u iskustvo dece na internetu, u iskustvo vršnjačkog kiber nasilja, i analiza povezanosti između ove dve pojave. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 249 učenika viših razreda osnovnih škola u Pljevljima u Crnoj Gori. Učenici su popunjavali upitnik priređen za svrhe istraživanja. Pokazalo se da je 63,1% učenika izjavilo da su roditelj/staratelji razgovarali sa njima o tome kako da se ponašaju prema drugima na internetu, a 65,2% njih da roditelji/staratelji proveravaju njihove aktivnosti na internetu. Roditelje/staratelje je obavestilo o ličnoj izloženosti nasilju značajno više učenika sa kojima su roditelji razgovarali o ponašanju na internetu [x2(1) = 12,626, p lt 0,001, C = 0,403], i značajno više učenika čije su aktivnosti na internetu roditelji proveravali [x2(1) = 6,145, p lt 0,05, C = 0,294]. Roditelje/staratelje ili nastavnike je obavestilo o izloženosti nasilju druga/drugarice značajno više učenika sa kojima su roditelji razgovarali o ponašanju na internetu [x2(1) = 7,585, p lt 0,01, C = 0,299], i značajno više učenika čije su aktivnosti na internetu roditelji proveravali [x2(1) = 7,622, p lt = 0,001, C = 0,300], nego učenika čiji roditelji nisu bili angažovani na ovaj način. Nije se pokazala značajna povezanost izvršenja kiber nasilja sa razgovorom roditelja/staratelja sa decom o ponašanju na internetu, kao ni sa proverom njihovih aktivnosti na internetu. U radu se daju preporuke za unapređenje uključenosti roditelja u internet aktivnosti dece, za uključivanje škole u prevenciju kiber nasilja i saradnju sa roditeljima i za saradnju sa ekspertima, policijom i tužilaštvom

Vršnjačko sajber-nasilje među učenicima osnovnih škola u Crnoj Gori

Cyberbullying is a new type of bullying. It emerged due to the fast development and accessibility of information and communications technology (ICT). The current study was conducted with the objective of analyzing prevalence and nature of cyberbullying among middle school students in Pljevlja, and its relation to traditional bullying. The respondents to the questionnaire were 249 students from three middle schools. The results show that 13.7% were victims of cyberbullying, 12.1% were cyberbullies, while 27.7% reported they knew other student being cyberbullied. There are significantly less victims of cyber bulling than of traditional bullying. The most frequent tool used for cyberbullying are social media. The current study also shows that 51.4% of cyberbullies were schoolmates, and girls were more likely to be victims of cyberbullying. Strong positive relation is found between bullies and victims of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. The results are discussed taking into account previous studies.Vršnjačko sajber nasilje je nova forma vršnjačkog nasilja nastala sa razvojem informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija. Cilj rada je da se analizira prisutnost i karakteristike vršnjačkog sajber nasilja među učenicima osnovnih škola u Pljevljima, kao i njegova povezanost sa tradicionalnim vršnjačkim nasiljem. Istraživanje je sprovedeno među 249 učenika viših razreda tri osnovne škole u Pljevljima, Crna Gora. Pokazalo se da je 13,7% učenika izjavilo da su bili žrtve vršnjačkog sajber nasilja i 12,1% njih da su bili njegovi izvršioci, dok je 27,7% učenika je izjavilo da poznaju učenika/učenicu koji je doživeo vršnjačko sajber nasilje. Žrtava sajber nasilja ima značajno manje od žrtava tradicionalnog nasilja. Vršnjačko sajber nasilje se najčešće realizuje preko društvenih mreža. u 51,4%, izvršioci vršnjačkog sajber nasilja bili školski drugovi i drugarice, a žrtve su značajno češće devojčice. Pokazuje se značajna pozitivna veza između žrtava i nasilnika i tradicionalnog vršnjačkog i vršnjačkog sajber nasilja. Rezultati su diskutovani u svetlu dosadašnjih istraživanja

Psihometrijske karakteristike skale za procenu rizika za sukob sa zakonom kod dece i mladih

Growing needs of our experts for operative and relevant tool for risk assessment of children and adolescents in conflict with the law initiated construction of the Scale for Assessment of the Risk of Children and Juveniles for Conflict with the Law (Risk Scale). This paper presents results of research aiming on assessment of psychometric characteristics of the Scale and its applicability by experts in centres for social work (CSW). Scale has 72 items organized in nine subscales. Research included 65 subjects from 11 to 20 years of age, assessed by the Scale by 32 experts from nine municipality's CSW in Serbia. Scale as a whole and its five subscales have good reliability. Two second order factors were extracted: Risks to the child/young person and Environmental risks that have acceptable reliability and good criteria validity in relation to Scale of Antisocial Behaviour Chronicity. Experts assessed that Scale is useful in practice and most of them didn't have any difficulties in its application. Qualitative analysis of the result provided guidelines for further improvement of the Risk scale and for more comprehensive education of experts it the area.Rastuće potrebe naših stručnjaka za operativnim i relevantnim instrumentima procene rizika dece i mladih za sukob sa zakonom inicirale su pripremu Skale za procenu rizika za sukob sa zakonom kod dece i mladih (ili Skala rizika). U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja koje je imalo za cilj procenu psihometrijskih karakteristika ove Skale rizika i njene primenljivosti od strane stručnjaka u centrima za socijalni rad (CSR). Skala rizika ima 72 ajtema, organizovanih u devet subskala. Istraživanje je obuhvatalo 65 ispitanika uzrasta od 11 - 20 godina, koje su na Skali rizika procenjivala 32 stručnjaka iz devet opštinskih CSR u Srbiji. Skala rizika u celini i pet njenih subskala imaju dobru pouzdanost. Ekstrahovana su dva faktora drugog reda: Rizici vezani za karakteristike deteta/mlade osobe i Rizici u okruženju, koji imaju prihvatljivu pouzdanost i dobru kriterijumsku valjanost u odnosu na Skalu hroniciteta antisocijalnog ponašanja. Stručni radnici su procenili da je Skala rizika korisna u praksi, a većina nije imala teškoće u njenoj primeni. Kvalitativna analiza rezultata je dala smernice za dalje unapređenje Skale rizika i za obuhvatniju edukaciju stručnjaka u ovoj oblasti