Effect of different levels of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on productive performance, carcass characteristics and organs of broiler chickens

In this work we aimed to determine the effect of different levels of green tea in powder form to feed on productive performance, carcass parameters and organs in broiler chickens. Totally 240 day-old broiler chickens Ross 308 were divided to four dietary groups (n = 60) namely control and three experimental groups with supplementation of green tea to feed mixture in levels 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Broiler chickens were feeding with commercial feed mixtures and feed and drinking water were provided ad libittum. The feeding period lasted 42 days. Individual body weight of broiler chickens was determined at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 day, feed sonsumption and mortality per group were determined at 42 day of fattening period. Carcass quality and organs weight of broiler chickens were determined at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that supplementation of different levels of green tea statistically significant decreased body weight gain and we recorded lower body weight in 21 days of age compared with control group. However, in second period of fattening, broiler chickens in experimental groups growing faster and in 42 days of age we found statistically no significantly differences among control and experimental groups. Feed consumption did not differ among the dietary groups at 42 days of fattening. Mortality no affected by supplementation of green tea to broiler chickens diets in comparison with control group. From the carcass parameters addition of green tea significantly decreased percentage of abdominal fat between control and 1.5% green tea level, in other parameters (percentage of breast, percentage of drumstick, carcass yield) were different among control and experimental groups not statistically significant. The caecum and small intestine weights was significantly (p ≤0.05) decreased in chickens fed diets containing 0.5% green tea supplement compared to 1% and 1.5%. For neck, crop, heart, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine, caecum and large intestine weights among control and experimental groups we recorded no statistical differences (p ˃0.05)

Účinok kŕmych aditív vo výkrme bažantov

Fattening pheasants for the production of quality meat is a relatively recent development. With its high protein and low fat content, meat of pheasant is a highly nutritious food whose value exceeds that of broiler chickens meat. Despite the fact that the intensive rearing of pheasants has developed relatively quickly in recent years, information on the fattening capabilities and slaughter values of pheasants is often insufficient in the current literature. The length of the fattening period also differs in the literature and reported from 13 to 20 weeks while highest weight gains of pheasants to occur between 4 and 12 weeks of age. Growth of pheasants is also reflected in the weight and dimensions of internal organs, crop, oesophagus, gizzard and intestine grow up to 12 weeks of age, after which they develop their physiological ability. The structure, weight and length of the digestive tract and other internal organs of pheasants depend on housing system, gender and nutrition. Relatively few investigations were conducted to determine the influence of feed additives on fattening performance of pheasants. One of the possibilities is the use of humic acids in nutrition pheasant. Humic acids are organic compounds naturally present in soil and they positively affected growth ability, feed conversion and reducing mortality.Výkrm bažantov na produkciu kvalitného mäsa má relatívne krátku históriu. So svojím vysokým obsahom bielkovín a nízkym obsahom tuku, je mäso bažantov vysoko výživnou potravinou, ktorého hodnota prevyšuje mäso brojlerových kurčiat. Napriek tomu, že intenzívny chov bažantov sa v posledných rokoch relatívne rýchlo vyvíja, odborných informácií o možnostiach výkrmu a jatočnej hodnote bažantov je pomerne málo. Odporúčaná dĺžka výkrmu sa odlišuje aj v literatúre a pohybuje sa od 13 do 20 týždňov, pričom najvyššie prírastky bažantov sa dosahujú medzi 4. a 12. týždňom veku. Rast bažantov sa odráža aj v hmotnosti a rozmeroch vnútorných orgánov, hrvoľ, pažerák, žalúdok a črevá rastú až 12 týždňov, potom sa rozvíjajú ich fyziologické schopnosti. Štruktúra, hmotnosť a dĺžka tráviaceho traktu a vnútorných orgánov bažantov závisí systému chovu, pohlavia a výživy. Relatívne málo experimentov bolo realizovaných za účelom zistenie vplyvu doplnkových látok na výkrmové ukazovatele bažantov. Jednou z možností je použitie humínových kyselín vo výžive výkrmových bažantov. Humínové kyseliny sú organické zlúčeniny prirodzene prítomné v pôde a pozitívne ovplyvňujú rastovú schopnosť, konverziu krmiva a znižujú mortalitu

Hidden Markov models in speech recognition

Voice control is one of the perspective areas of interdisciplinary field called Human Machine Interface (HMI). By the voice control of machines, we usually deal with the recognition of commands from previously defined set. There are many different techniques of speech recognition. At presence, Hidden Markov Models (HMM) are among the most frequently used. This article includes basic terms as well as required mathematical apparatus from stated area

Effect of breed on some parameters of egg quality in laying hens

DOI: 10.15414/afz.2015.18.01.20–24Received 24. September2014 ǀ Accepted 16. March 2015 ǀ Available online 31. March 2015The objective of this study was to compare some internal and external quality parameters of eggs between Oravka and Rhode Island Red laying hens. The flocks kept in National Agriculture and Food Centre - Research Institute of Animal Production Nitra (RIAP Nitra) were involved in the experiment. The females of both breeds were of the same age (11 months, 5th month of lay). Eggs were collected during three days consecutively (10 eggs per breed and day) and were analysed in the laboratory of Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry at the Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. There were 11 females in each group and a total of 30 eggs in each group were analysed. The females were housed in outdoor unheated roofed wooden chicken coop with free range available; fed standard feed ad libitum. The average egg weight was significantly (P≤0.01) affected by breed. Females of Oravka breed were of heavier eggs (60.96 ± 0.56 g) than females of Rhode Island Red (57.60 ±0.76 g). The significant differences were also found in egg width and egg length, however, no significant differences were found in egg shape index. The egg shell thickness significantly differed (P≤0.01) between Oravka and Rhode Island Red (367.78 ±3.12 μm vs. 379.33 ±2.49 μm). The albumen weight was significantly higher in Oravka breed (34.96 ±0.58 g) than in Rhode Island Red breed (32.78 ±0.73 g). No statistical differences were found in the remaining albumen characteristics. However, the slight difference (P≤0.10) was found in Haugh Unit (71.46 ± 1.64 HU for Oravka vs. 74.45 ±1.53 HU for Rhode Island Red). With yolk characteristics, yolk weight and yolk colour significantly differed (P ≤ 0.01) between Oravka breed (19.93 ±0.23 g and 10.60 ±0.09 oHLR) and Rhode Island Red breed (18.61 ±0.20 g and 11.10 ±0.20 oHLR). No statistical differences were found in the remaining yolk characteristics, except for a slight difference (P ≤ 0.10) in yolk index (42.14 ±0.50 % for Oravka and 40.31 ±1.00 % for Rhode Island Red). Keywords: females, Oravka, Rhode Island Red, eg

Egg traits in Japanese quails

The objective of this study was to compare some internal and external egg quality traits between two meat lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Line 8 was the result of selection for high adult live body mass (three generations). Line 9 was the control. Birds were housed in four-stage cage technology at the NAFC-Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra. Feed mixture contained 11.7 MJ ME and 200.0 g crude protein. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Females of both lines had the same age. Egg-laying traits were observed daily during 5-day period. Eggs were analysed in the laboratory of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The egg weight was significantly higher (P≤0.001) in selected line 8: 13.259 g vs. 12.203 g. The egg shell weight, egg width, length and shape index were also higher (P≤0.001) in selected line 8. The shell thickness on egg sharp region differed significantly (P≤0.01) between lines 8 and 9. However, the difference in overall shell thickness was insignificant. Eggshell percentages were 9.128 and 9.200 % in lines 8 and 9. Significant differences (from P≤0.001 to P≤0.05) were found in yolk weight, yolk width, yolk height and yolk percentage. In general, selected line 8 was of higher yolk values, except for yolk percentage - 29.358 % vs. 30.292 %. Significant differences in albumen weight (P≤0.001), albumen width (P≤0.01) and albumen height (P≤0.05) were found. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in Haugh Unit (89.297 vs. 88.893)

The analysis of serum mineral profile of cows before and after calving: A case study

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.89-92High-yielding dairy cows have several critical periods during lactation. These include the drying period, parturition, postpartum period and the first 100 days of lactation. The mineral profile displays the balanced feed ration appropriate for the category. Therefore, investigation of serum mineral profile of dry cows and cows in 12th week after calving was the aim of this study. In this work 12 high producing Holstein Friesian dairy cows from dairy farm were used. The analysed elements Ca2+, P, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and chlorides (Cl-) were determined at 4th week after drying  and during 12th week after calving. The data obtained were compared with the standard for dairy cows. Compared to reference interval, before calving 8 and after calving 5 cows had hypocalcaemia. Hypophosphatemia was detected for 2 cows before calving and 3 after calving. For the other elements Na, K, Mg2+ and chlorides (Cl-) no deviations from the reference intervals were found. In blood serum mineral profile between dry cows and cows in 12th week of lactation significant differences were found for Mg Cl- (increase) and K (decrease). Results shown, that main problem of dry and lactating cows was the hypocalcaemia and partly the hypophosphatemia.Keywords: metabolic test, mineral profile, blood serum, dairy cowReferencesAiello, S. E. (1998). The Merck veterinary manual (No. Ea9 DEPOSITO FV).Bertoni, G., Trevisi, E., & Lombardelli, R. (2009). Some new aspects of nutrition, health conditions and fertility of intensively reared dairy cows. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8(4), 491-518. 10.4081/ijas.2009.491Blood, D.C., &Radostits, O.M. (1994). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. 8th ed. W.B. Saunders Co.Burke, C. R., Meier, S., McDougall, S., Compton, C., Mitchell, M., & Roche, J. R. (2010). Relationships between endometritis and metabolic state during the transition period in pasture-grazed dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 93(11), 5363-5373. 10.3168/jds.2010-3356 Donat, K., Siebert, W., Menzer, E., & Söllner-Donat, S. (2016). Long-term trends in the metabolic profile test results in German Holstein dairy herds in Thuringia, Germany. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere/Nutztiere, 44(02), 73-82.  10.15653/TPG-150948Gross, J., van Dorland, H. A., Bruckmaier, R. M., & Schwarz, F. J. (2011). Performance and metabolic profile of dairy cows during a lactational and deliberately induced negative energy balance with subsequent realimentation. Journal of dairy science, 94(4), 1820-1830. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3707Hadžimusić, N., & Krnić, J. (2012). Values of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in blood plasma of cows in dependence on the reproductive cycle and season. Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istambul University, 38(1), 1-8.Hanušovský, O., Šimko, M., & Bíro, D. (2017) Kontinuálne sledovanie parametrov bachorového prostredia využitím prenosu dát nízkofrekvenčným signálom. Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita v Nitre, ISBN 978-80-552-1746-8.Hofírek, B., Dvořák, R., Němeček, L., Doležel, R., & Pospíšil, Z. (2009). Nemoci skotu. 1. vyd., Brno: Noviko as, Česká buiatrická společnost, 1149 s.Jovanovic, J.M., Rajic, I., Pesterac, V., Crcev, D., & Cokrevski, S. (1997). Parametri krvi visoko steonih i tek oteljenih krava hranjenih obrocima razlicitog sastava. Veterinarski Glasnik 51, 231-244.Kahn, C. M. (2005). The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. White house station, NJ, USA, Merck & CO. Kaneko, J.J. (2008). Carbohydrate Metabolism and Its Diseases. In: Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., Bruss, M.L., (Eds.), Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 6th ed. New York, Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012396305-5/50004-XKantíková, M., & Balážik, T. (2003). Diagnostika metabolických porúch alebo prevencia. Slovenský chov, 8(7), 39-40.Kraft, W. (Ed.). (2005). Klinische labordiagnostik in der tiermedizin. Schattauer Verlag.LeBlanc, S. J., Leslie, K. E., & Duffield, T. F. (2005). Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science, 88(1), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72674-6Palmer, L. S., & Eckles, C. H. (1927). Effect of Phosphorus Deficient Rations on Blood Composition in Cattle. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 24(4), 307-309. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-24-3341Prodanović, R., Kirovski, D., Jakić-Dimić, D., Vujanac, I., & Kureljušić, B. (2010). Telesna kondicija i pokazatelji energetskog statusa krava u visokom graviditetu i ranoj fazi laktacije. Veterinarski glasnik, 64(1-2), 43-52. 10.2298/VETGL1002043PSchröder, B., & Breves, G. (2006). Mechanisms and regulation of calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in pigs and ruminants: comparative aspects with special emphasis on hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Animal Health Research Reviews, 7(1-2), 31. 10.1017/S1466252307001144 Šamanc, H., Stojić, V., Kirovski, D., Jovanović, M., Cernescu, H., & Vujanac, I. (2010). Thyroid hormones concentrations during the mid-dry period: An early indicator of fatty liver in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Journal of thyroid research, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/897602Šimko, M., Bíro, D., Čerešňáková, Z., Juráček, M., & Gálik, B. (2009). The effect of wheat and maize meal on rumen fermentation and apparent nutrient digestibility in cattle. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 42(Supplement), 99-103.Slanina, Ľ., & Sokol, J. (1991). Vademecum veterinárneho lekára. Bratislava, Príroda

Comparative analysis of the external and internal egg quality in different pure chicken breeds

The present study was conducted to evaluate some parameters of external and internal egg quality of some pure dual chicken breeds.  A total of 500 eggs (100 eggs from each breed) were collected to study for egg (weight, shape index), albumen (weight, percentage), yolk (weight, percentage) and shell (weight, percentage, thickness, strength) quality. The eggs were analysed in the laboratory of Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The results showed that the egg weight and egg length of New Hampshire were significantly higher (P0.05). Differences in albumen weight, albumen percentage, yolk weight and yolk percentage of tested dual chicken breeds were statistically no significant (P>0.05). Albumen height was significantly higher (P0.05) in egg shell thickness and strength

The impact of the humic acid and phytobiotics on performance and carcass parameters of broiler chickens

Received: 2018-05-29 | Accepted: 2018-05-29 | Available online: 2018-11-26https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.173-178The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of humic substances, and combination humic substances and selected phytobiotics on production and carcass parameters of broiler chickens. In experiment from total 200 one-day-old ROSS 308 chickens were randomized into four groups (n = 50). The control group was fed with basal diet (BD) without any additives. Group of chickens marked as treatment 1 (T1) was fed a BD containing 2% of humic acid, the group marked as treatment 2 (T2) was fed a BD containing 78% of humic acids, 18% of garlic powder (Allium sativum L.), 1% of milled dried leaves of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), 1% of milled dried leaves of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), 1% of milled dried leaves of oregano (Origanum vulgare) and 1% of milled dried leaves of bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), together 2 kg /100kg complete feed mixture (BD). In the group marked as treatment T3 were chicken fed with BD containing industrially produced coccidiostats. Experiment lasted 42 days. At the end of the experiment was average body weight (values in the order of the groups: 1808.03 ±212.39; 1981.75 ±203.32; 1895.59 ±178.75 and 1955.31 ±237.16 g ±SD) significantly higher (P0.05).Keywords: Allium sativum L., Artemisa absinthium, broiler chicken, carcass parameters, humic acid, Menyanthes trifoliata, Origanum vulgare, performance parameters, Thymus vulgarisReferencesAlipour, F., Hassanabadi, A., Golian, A., Nassiri-Moghaddam, H. (2015) Effect of plant extracts derived from thyme on male broiler performance. Poutry Science, 94 (11), 2630-2634. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev220Bacler-Żbikowska, B. (2012) Zasoby gatunkowe cennych roślin leczniczych powiatu włoszczowskiego. Część 3 – bobrek trójlistkowy Menyanthes trifoliata L. Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis, 66 (6), 7-12.Bertella, A,  Benlahcen, K,  Abouamama, S., Pinto, D.C.G.A., Maamar, K., Kihal, M., Silva, A.M.S. (2018)  Artemisia herba-alba Asso. essential oil antibacterial activity and acute toxicity. Industrial Crops and Products, 116, 137-143.  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.064Ceylan, N., Çiftçi, İ., İlhan, Z. (2003) The effects of some alternative feed additives for antibiotic growth promoters on the performance and gut microflora of broiler chicks. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27 (3), 727-733.Diaz-Sanchez, S., D’Souza, D., Biswas, D., Hanning, I. (2015) Botanical alternatives to antibiotics for use in organic poultry production. Poultry Science,  94 (6), 1419-1430.  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev014Giannenas, I., Bonos, E., Christaki, E., Florou-Paneri, P. (2018) Oregano: A Feed Additive with Functional Properties. In: Therapeutic Foods, A volume in Handbook of Food Bioengineering, 179–208.Hafeez, A., Manner, K., Schieder, C., Zentek, J.  (2016) Effect of supplementation of phytogenic feed additives (powdered vs.encapsulated) on performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Poultry Science,  95 (3), 622-629. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev368Haselmeyer, A., Zentek, J., Chizzola, R. (2014) Effects of thyme as a feed additive in broiler chickens on thymol in gut contents, blood plasma, liver and muscle. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95 (3), 504508. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6758 Hassan, H.M.A., M.A. Mohamed, A.W. Youssef, E.R. Hassan, (2010) Effect of using organic acids to substitute antibiotic growth promoters on performance and intestinal microflora of broilers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 23, (10) 1348-1353. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00901Issa, K. M., Omar, J. M. A. (2012) Effect of garlic powder on performance and lipid profile of broilers. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 2 (2), 62-68. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2012.22010Kamali Sangani A, Masoudi A.A, Hosseini S.A (2014) The effects of herbal plants on mucin 2 gene expression and performance in ascetic broilers. IJVM 8 (1), 47-52.Khan, U, Nikousefat, Z, Tufarelli, V, Naz, S,Javdani, M, Laudadio, V. (2010) Garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation in poultry diets: effect on production and physiology. World's Poultry Science Journal,   68 (3), 417-24.Kuldeep Dhama, Ruchi Tiwari, Rifat Ullah Khan et al. (2014) Growth Promoters and Novel Feed Additives Improving Poultry Production and Health, Bioactive Principles and Beneficial Applications: The Trends and Advances-A Review. International Journal of Pharmacology, 10 (3), 129-159. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2014.129.159Lala, A. O., Okwelum, N., Oso, A. O., Ajao, A. O., Adegbenjo, A. A. (2017) Response of Broiler Chickens to Varying Dosage of Humic Acid in Drinking Water. Journal of Animal Production Research, 29 (1), 288-294.  Mansoub, N.H. (2011) Comparative Effects of Using Garlic as Probiotic on Performance and Serum Composition of Broiler Chickens. Annals of Biological Research, 2 (3), 486-490.Marcinčáková, D., Mačanga, J., Nagy, J., Marcinčák, S., Popelka, P., Vašková, J., Jaďuttová, I., Mellen, M. (2015) Effect of supplementation of the diet with humic acids on growth performance and carcass yield of broilers. Folia Veterinaria, 59 (3), 165-168.Milošević, N., Vidica Stanaćev, V.,  Perić, L., Stojčić, M. D., Veljić, M. (2013)  Effects of different levels of garlic powder in the diet on production parameters and slaughter traits of broiler chickens. Einfluss verschiedener Zulagen an Knoblauchpulver zum Futter auf Leistung und Schlachtkörpermerkmale von Broilern.  Archiv für Geflügelkunde., 77 (4), 254-259.Nagaraju, R., Reddy, B.S., Gloridoss, R., Suresh, B.N., Ramesh, C. (2014) Effect of dietary supplementation of humic acids on performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 84 (4), 447-452.Ozturk, E., Ocak, N., Turan, A.,  Cankaya, S. (2012) Performance, carcass, gastrointestinal tract and meat quality traits, and selected blood parameters of broilers fed diets supplemented with humic substances. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92 (1), 59-65.Peek, H., W.,  Landman, W., J., M.  (2011)  Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies, 31 (3), 143-161. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2011.605247Pourmahmoud, B.,  Aghazadeh, A. M., Sis, N. M. (2013) The effect of thyme extract on growth performance, digestive organ weights and serum lipoproteins of broilers fed wheat- based diets. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12 (3), 337-341. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2013.e53Ramiah, S. K., Zulkifli, I., Rahim, N. A. A., Ebrahimi, M., Meng, G. Y. (2014) Effects of Two Herbal Extracts and Virginiamycin Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microflora Population and Fatty Acid Composition in Broiler Chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27 (3), 375-382. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13030Samanthi, K.A.M.,  Nayananjalie, W.A.D., Adikari, A.M.J.B., Liyanag, R.  (2015) Dietary Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Supplementation on Performance, Meat Quality and Lipid Profile in Broilers. Rajarata University Journal, 3, 17-24SAS. User’s Guide 2005. Version 9.1(TS1M3). 2005. SAS Institute Inc., Carry.Seddiek, S.A., Ali, M. M., Khater, H. F., El-Shorbagy, M. M.  (2011) Anthelmintic activity of the white wormwood, Artemisia herba-alba against Heterakis gallinarum infecting turkey poults. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5 (16), 3946-3957.Slyranda Baltini Aji, Kennedy Ignatius, Asha´Adatu Y. Ado, Joel Bakari Nuhu, Auwal Abdulkarim, Usman Aliyu, Muhammad Bello Gambo, Mohammed Adamu Ibrahim, Haruna Akubakar, Mohammed M. Bukar, Hama´Adama M., Imam and Patrik T. Numan. (2011) Effect of feeding Onion (Allium cepa) and Garlic (Allium sativum) on some Performance Characteristic of Broiler Chickens. Research Journal of Poultry Science, 4 (2), 22-27. Stanaćev, V., Glamočić, D., Milošević, N., Puvača, N., Stanaćev, V., Plavša, N. (2011) Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in fattening chick’s nutrition. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (4), 943-948.Šamudovská, A., Demeterová, M.  (2010) Effect of Diet Supplemented with Natural Humic Compounds and Sodium Humate on Performance and Selected Metabolic Variables in Broiler Chickens. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 79 (3), 385-393. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079030385Taklimi, S.M.S.M., Ghahri, H., Isakan, M.A. (2012) Influence of different levels of humic acid and esterified glucomannan on growth performance  and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Agricultural Sciences, 3 (5), 663-668. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2012.35080Toghyani, M., Tohidi, M., Gheisari, A. A, Tabeidian, S. A. (2010) Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. African Journal Biotechnology, 9 (40), 6819-6825.Wunderlich, F., Al-Quraishy, S.,  Steinbrenner, H.,  Sies, H.,  Dkhil, M. A. (2014)Towards identifying novel anti-Eimeria agents: trace elements, vitamins, and plant-based natural products.  Parasitology Research, 113 (10), 3547-3556. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4101-8Zamora, G., M., Melendez, L. A. D., Hume, M.E., Vazquez, R. S.  (2017) Performance, blood parameters, and carcass yield of broiler chickens supplemented with Mexican oregano oil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 46 (6), 515-520.  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-9290201700060000

Morphological changes of reproductive organs during egg formation of autochthonous Oravka hens

Article Details: Received: 2020-11-01 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.33-36 In this study we investigated the changes of reproductive organs and duration of egg formation in autochthonous Oravka hens. The changes of ovary and oviduct in defferent time were investigated on 66 hens at the top of the laying. Reproductive organs have to change their weight and morphological structure depending on the dynamics of egg formation. From ovulation to laying the ovary weight increased from 47.29 to 51.55 g, oviduct weight from 71.89 to 76,31 g. Oviduct length varied from 67.39 to 68.51 g, thee functional parts were changed depending on their activity. Length of the individual oviduct parts was – infundibulum from 3.46 to 3.59 cm, magnum 36.89 to 39.98 cm, isthmus 8.87 to 10.78 cm, uterus from 10.39 to 11.97 cm and vagina from 4.89 to 5.41 cm.  Keywords: Oravka, hen, egg formation, ovary, oviduct References Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F-test. Biometric, 11, 10–42. doi:10.2307/3001478Halaj, M. (1982). Morphological changes of reproductive organs of hens during egg formation. Acta zootechnica, 38, 161-173. In SlovakHead, V. (2010). Keeping chickens and other poultry. London: Aucturus Publishing Limited, 160 s. ISBN 978 -1-90723-014-9.Hobson, J. &  Lewis, C. (2009). Choosing & Raising Chickens. David & Charles Limited, 2009, 160 s. ISBN 978-0-7153-3664-9.Hocking, P.M. et al. (1987). Ovarian follicular structure of white leghorns fed ad libitum and dwarf and normal broiler breeders fed ad libitum or restricted until point of lay. British Poultry Science, 28, 493-506.Hocking, P.M. and McCormack, H.A. (1995). Differential sensitivity of ovarian follicles to gonadotrophin stimulation in broiler and layer lines of domestic fowl. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 105, 49-55.Iwasawa, A. et al. (2010) Morphological and histochemical changes in the uterus epithelium during eggshell formation in quail. Journal of Poultry Science, 47, 183-189.  https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.009112JASP 0.8.6 software (2018). Available on https://jasp-stats.org/Khokhlov, R. YU. and Kuznetcov, S. I. (2007). Morphogenesis of a tunica mucosa of oviduct of the hens. International Journal of Morphology, 25(2):329-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022007000200014Mahmud, M.A. et al. (2017). Gross morphological and morphometric studies of oviduct in three genotypes of Nigerian indigenous laying chickens. Journal of Diary, Veterinary & Amimal Research, 5 (4), 138-142. DOI: 10.15406/jdvar.2017.05.00151Mishra, B. et al. (2019). Genetic and hormonal regulation of egg formation in the oviduct of laying hens. Poultry - An Advanced Learning, Asghar Ali Kamboh, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85011. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/poultry-an-advanced-learning/genetic-and-hormonal-regulation-of-egg -formation-in-the-oviduct-of-laying-hensMohammadi, H. and Ansari-Pirsaraei, Z. (2016). Follicle diameters, egg weight, and egg production performance in old laying hens injected with growth hormone and testosterone. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 18, 949-959.Moraes, C. et al. (2010). Morphology and histology of the oviduct of Marrecas Anaboschas. Arq Brasilian Veterinary Medicine and Zoological Technology, 62(2), 34-44. 10.15406/jdvar.2017.05.00151Peris, L. et al. (2005). Effect of lighting program on development of follicles during sexual maturation of laying hens. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 21 (5-6), 247-251.Pollock, C.G. and Orosz, S.E. (2002). Avian reproductive, anatomy, physiology and endocrinology. Veterinary Clinical Exotica, 5(3), 441-474.  DOI: 10.1016/s1094-9194(02)00010-5Rahman, A. (2013). An introduction to morphology of the reproductive system and anatomy of hen’s egg. Journal of Life and Earth Science, 8, 1-10. DOI: 10.3329/jles.v8i0.20133Robinson, F.E. et al. (1996). Effects of age at photostimulation on reproductive efficiency and carcass characteristics. 2. Egg- type hens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 76, 283-288.Sah, N and Mishra, B. (2018). Regulation of egg formation in the oviduct of laying hen. World's Poultry Science Journal. 74 (3), 509-522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000442Veterany, L. &  Jedlička, J. (2002). Poultry Anatomy. Nitra, Garrmond, 97 p. ISBN 80-968659-4-3. In SlovakVijayakumar, K. et al. (2014) Macro anatomy of female reproductive tract during laying and non-laying period in adult emu birds (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 5(12), 793-795

The impact of genetic and non-genetic factors on somatic cell count as a monitor of udder health in Slovak Simmental dairy cows

Received: 2018-05-18 | Accepted: 2018-05-22 | Available online: 2018-11-26https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.166-168The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of genetic and non-genetic factors on somatic cells count in Slovak Simmental dairy cows in period 2009 to 2013. We observed subsequent results in dairy cows of 55 822 Slovak Simmental cattle. Data were analysed using the SAS and linear model with fixed effects of herd, years and months controls, sire, breeding type. The results of somatic cells count during the years 2009 and 2013 were as follows: the highest number of samples was analysed during 2010 (n = 288 215), where the average count was 560.48*103 ·ml-1. The lowest average value of somatic cells count was of amount of 535.93*103 ·ml-1 (n = 280 732) in 2009.The linear model represents coefficient determination R2 = 0.038296 % (P<0.001) for SCC with all fixed effects. According to the analyses by the effects on SCC the highest effect was the effect of herd R2 = 0.021625, then effect of sire R2 = 0.015075. These effects were highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Correlation coefficients among milk in kg, fat, protein in % with somatic cells count were r = -0.12918, r = 0.04166 and r = 0.11423. These coefficients were highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Keywords: dairy cows, milk production, Slovak Simmental cattle, somatic cells count and coefficient of determinationReferencesAlhussien M.N., Dang A.K. (2018) Milk somatic cells, factors influencing their release, future prospects, and practical utility in dairy animals: An overview. Veterinary World, 11 (5), 562-577. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.562-577Boro, P., Naha, B., Prakash, Ch., Madkar, A., Kumar, N., Kumari, A., Prakash Channa, G. (2016) Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting milk composition in dairy cows. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research, 6 (2), 170-174.Cerón-Muñoz, M., Tonhati, H., Duarte, J., Oliveira, J., Muñoz-Berrocal, M., Jurado-Gámez, H. (2002) Factors affecting somatic cell counts and their relations with milk and milk constituent yield in buffaloes. Journal of dairy science, 85 (11), 2885-2889 https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(02)74376-2/pdfde Freitas, J. A., da Silva, J., FróesGarcezNeto, A., Machado dos Santos, T. (2017) Somatic cell count and milk yield on physicochemical components of milk from free-stall housed cows. Semina: CiênciasAgrárias, 38 (2). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p909Jadhav, P.V., Tarate, S.B., Bhuvana, M., Das, D.N., Shome, B.R. (2016) Somatic cell count as a monitoring system for hygienic milk production in India: A review. Asian J. Dairy & Food Res., 35, 270-277.Japertienė, R., Anskienė, L., Japertas, S. (2016) Evaluation of the milk production and somatic cell count of Lithuanian purebred and crossbred dairy cows. VeterinarijairZootechnika, 73 (95) Supplement, 51-57.Jattawa, D., Koonawootrittriron, S., Elzo, M. A., Suwanasopee, T. (2012)  Somatic cells count and its genetic association with milk yield in dairy cattle raised under Thai tropical environmental conditions. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 25 (9), 1216. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12159Oudah, E. Z. M. (2009) Non-genetic factors affecting somatic cell count, milk urea content, test-day milk yield and milk protein percent in dairy cattle of the Czech Republic using individual test-day records. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21.Rhone, J. A., Koonawootrittriron, S., Elzo M.A. (2008) Factorsaffecting milk yield, milk fat, bacterial score, and bulk tank somatic cell count of dairy farms in the central region of Thailand. In Tropical animal health and production, 40 (2), 147-153.Saravanan, R., Das, D. N., De, S., Panneerselvam, S. (2015) Effect of season and parity on somatic cell count across zebu and crossbred cattle population. Indian J. Anim. Res., 49, 383-387. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00127.2SAS User’s Guide 2002-2003. Version 9.3 (TS1M3). SAS Institute. Inc., Carry. NC. USA.Savić, N. R., Mikulec, D. P., Radovanović, R. S. (2017) Somatic Cell Counts in Bulk Milk and their Importance for Milk Processing. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 85, p012085.Sharif, A., Muhammad, G. (2008) Somatic cell count as an indicator of udder health status under Modern dairy production: a review. Pakistan Vet. J., 28 (4), 194-200.Souza, G. N., Brito, José R. F., Brito, Maria A. V. P., Moreira, Élvio C., da Silva, Marcos V. G. B.(2005) Factors affecting somatic cell counts (SCC) in Brazilian dairy cows. In: Animals and environment. Vol.1: Proceedings of the XII-th ISAH Congress on Animal Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland, 4-8 September 2005, BEL Studio sp. zoo., 237-240.Tančin, V., Mikláš, Š., Mačuhová, L. (2018)  Possible physiological and environmental factors affecting milk production and udder health of dairy cows: a review. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 51 (1), 32–40.The Breeding Service of the Slovak Republic. S.E., (B.S. SR, S.E.) (2014) Results of dairy herd milk recording in Slovak Republic at control years 2009 to 2013