The present condition of forest roads as a result of their past maintenance

Gozdne ceste so namenjene zlasti gospodarjenju z gozdom, in prav temu je prilagojeno načrtovanje njihove rabe in vzdrževanja. Naraščanje pomena negozdarskih rab gozdnih cest vodi k višanju standarda vzdrževanja in posledično k trajnemu pomanjkanju sredstev. Višji stroški vzdrževanja nastajajo tudi zaradi pretekle graditve gozdnih cest, ki je na račun hitrega odpiranja kmetij in zaselkov zanemarjala kakovost graditve. V strukturi stroškov vzdrževalnih del zato redno nastopajo stroški ukrepov, ki predstavljajo dokončanje graditve. Rezultat pretekle gradnje, rabe in vzdrževanja je sedanje stanje gozdnih cest, ki je bilo ugotovljeno s popisom poškodb na vzorčnih hektometrskih odsekih. Poleg poškodb spodnjega in zgornjega ustroja ceste zbuja pozornost nizka stopnja dograjenosti sistema odvodnjavanja.Forest roads are built for forest management purposes, to which planning of their use and maintenance is adapted. The increasing importance of non-forestry use of forest roads leads to higher maintenance standard, which by formed maintenance system causes permanent shortage of funds. Higher maintenance costs occur due to the past forest roads construction characteristics, which gave priority to quick opening of villages and farms, on the account of building quality. Other funds expenditure represented by works for the finishing of road constructions occur permanently. Present forest roads condition is a result of the past road construction, road use andmaintenance. We investigated forest road conditions with inventories of damages in sample hectometre sectors. Critical apart from the upper road layerand road bed layer damages is the low level of perfection of the roads\u27 drainage system

Forest Opening in Multipurpose Private Forest - Case Study

In the past, forest opening with forest roads was planned on the basis of forest wood production. By discovering the importance of other forest roles, gradual integration of individual role into planning processes of forest opening started. The modern approach to the planning of forest opening of multipurpose forests requires a simultaneous consideration of all forest roles. Economic justification for enlarging the existing forest road network is based on the density of forest roads, where the smallest total skidding and transportation costs occur. On this basis, insufficiently opened areas outside the band width of 574 m opened by each road are excluded. Further planning of opening insufficiently opened areas is based on terrain features and technical characteristics of th planned forest roads. The construction of an individually planned forest road is economically feasible when the reduction of wood skidding costs is bigger than the increase of transportation costs. The evaluation of the planned forest road in terms of the multipurpose forest role is done with the suitability map for forest road construction. It is based on the relative importance of each forest role, determined by a multicriteria decision-making method. Selection of the planned forest roads based on the multipurpose forest role represents the quality of the new approach to the planning of forest opening

The present condition of forest roads as a result of their past maintenance

Forest roads are built for forest management purposes, to which planning of their use and maintenance is adapted. The increasing importance of non-forestry use of forest roads leads to higher maintenance standard, which by formed maintenance system causes permanent shortage of funds. Higher maintenance costs occur due to the past forest roads construction characteristics, which gave priority to quick opening of villages and farms, on the account of building quality. Other funds expenditure represented by works for the finishing of road constructions occur permanently. Present forest roads condition is a result of the past road construction, road use andmaintenance. We investigated forest road conditions with inventories of damages in sample hectometre sectors. Critical apart from the upper road layerand road bed layer damages is the low level of perfection of the roads' drainage system

The model of forest road network enlargement in multipurpose forest

Odpiranje gozdov z gozdnimi cestami je bilo v preteklosti načrtovano samo na podlagi lesnoproizvodne vloge gozda. S spoznavanjem pomena ostalih vlog gozda je prihajalo do njihovega postopnega vključevanja v postopke načrtovanja odpiranja gozdov. Sodoben pristop k načrtovanju odpiranja gozdov zahteva hkratno obravnavanje vseh vlog gozda. Zgoščevanje omrežja gozdnih cest je ekonomsko utemeljeno z gostoto gozdnih cest, kjer nastopajo najmanjši skupni stroški spravila in prevoza. V območju raziskovanja, ki ga kot geografsko zaokrožena celota predstavlja občina Črna na Koroškem, znaša pri danih pogojih ekonomsko utemeljena gostota gozdnih cest 17.42 m/ha. Na tej osnovi so določena nezadostno odprta območja izven širine pasu 574 m, ki ga posamezna cesta odpira. Pri načrtovanju odpiranja nezadostno odprtih območij se upoštevajo terenske značilnosti in zahtevane tehnične karakteristike načrtovanih gozdnih cest. Ekonomska utemeljitev gradnje posamezne načrtovane gozdne ceste temelji na večjem zmanjšanju stroškov spravila lesa kot je povečanje letnih stroškov vzdrževanja gozdnih cest in stroškov zaradi trajne izgube rastne površine. Hkratno vrednotenje vseh vlog gozda je v raziskavi narejeno z določanjem relativnega pomena posamezne vloge gozda na podlagi večkriterijskega odločanja, ki določa težo posameznega dejavnika po metodi parov. Na osnovi standardiziranih vrednosti vlog gozda in njihovih izračunanihuteži je izdelana karta primernosti ureditvenih enot za gradnjo gozdnih cest. Primernost posameznih ekonomsko utemeljenih načrtovanih tras gozdnih cest je z vidika posameznih vlog gozda različna. To je prikazano s študijem primera in predstavlja kakovost novega pristopa pri načrtovanju odpiranja gozdov.In the past forest opening with forest roads was planned only on the basis of forest wood production role. Discovering the importance of other forest roles led to their gradual integration when planning procedures for opening forests.A modern approach to planning the opening of forests requires a simultaneous treatment of all forest roles. Expansion of forest road network is economically founded by the density of the forest roads by which the smallest total cost of skidding and transporting occurs. The economically founded density of forest roads in the researched area, which geographically represents the whole municipality of Črna na Koroškem, by the given conditions amounts to 17.42 m/ha. On this basis there are defined insufficiently opened areas outside the bandwidth of the 574 m, opened by eachroad. When planning the opening of insufficiently opened areas the terrain features and the technical characteristics of the planned forest roads are taken into account. The economical argumentation of the planned forest road construction is based on a bigger reduction of wood skidding costs as is the increase of annual maintenance cost of the forest roads and costs of the permanent loss of the growing area. In the survey simultaneous evaluation of all forest roles is done by the determination of the relative importance of individual forest role. It is based on the multi criterion decision making, which determines the weight of each factor by the method of couples. On the basis of standardized values of forest roles and their calculated weights a suitability map of adequacy of regulatory units for the forest roads construction was designed. The suitability of individual economically founded planned routes of forest roads is different from the aspect of individual forest roles. This is shown in the case study and represents a new quality approach in planning the opening of forests

Organiziranje in vodenje policijskih enot na množičnih protestih : diplomsko delo univerzitetnega študija

Da lahko razumemo, kako ljudje delujejo v množici, moramo najprej začeti raziskovati samo psihologijo delovanja množicspoznati, kaj sploh množica ljudi je, kakšne vrste množic poznamo in kakšen družbeni vpliv imajo na posameznike. Po stopnji konstruktivnosti lahko množice razdelimo na družbeno konstruktivne in družbeno destruktivne množice (Umek, 2013). Na podlagi razumevanja lahko sestavimo varnostno oceno javnega zbiranja, s katero lahko predvidevamo naravo javnega zbiranja, značilnosti kraja, čas, število ljudi itd. Na podlagi varnostne ocene aktiviramo potrebne enote — posebno policijsko enoto, vodnike službenih psov, policiste konjenike, letalsko enoto ipd. Posebna policijska enota je ključna policijska enota vsakega javnega zbiranja, na katerem je mogoče pričakovati težje kršitve javnega reda in miru. S svojo usposobljenostjo, številčnostjo, opremljenostjo in učinkovitostjo je nepogrešljiva. Ker je njeno delovanje specifično, smo preučili, kakšno je njeno ukrepanje v množici, s kakšno opremo razpolaga in kakšen vpliv ima zgodnja vzpostavitev dialoga med množico in policijo. Ker vsaka enota potrebuje svojega vodjo, smo ugotovili, kakšne lastnosti mora imeti ta vodja in kakšno tehniko in taktiko vodenja mora uporabiti, da bo delovanje enote najuspešnejše. Pomembno je, da se vodja identificira z organizacijo, pridobi zaupanje, je osebno odgovoren in skrbi za motivacijo zaposlenih (Vršec, 1993). Sledila je preučitev temeljnih pooblastil in taktik posameznih enot na terenu. Podrobneje smo pregledali prisilna sredstva, posebej namenjena za uporabo proti množici — vodni curek, konjenica, posebna motorna vozila, plinska sredstva ter druga sredstva za pasivizacijo. Pregledali smo postopke za vzdrževanje javnega reda — uporaba kordona, "klina" ter postopke pri vzpostavljanju javnega reda. Našo taktiko in sredstva smo primerjali s taktiko enot v Veliki Britaniji in ugotovili, da imamo podobno osnovno taktiko delovanja, razlike pa smo našli pri drugačnem, še bolj dovršenem pristopu s strani enot v Veliki Britaniji. Prav tako smo analizirali proteste, ki so se odvili v Sloveniji v letu 2012, ter opravili sekundarno analizo intervjuja z vodjo Splošnega sektorja policije na Generalni policijski upravi in ugotovili, da je policija na protestih delovala strokovno, učinkovito in etično.To be able to understand how people react in crowd we first have to start researching crowd psychology. We have to know what crowd even is, what kind of crowds do we know and what kind of social effect does crowd have on individual. Regarding to stage of constructiveness we can divide crowds on socially constructive and socially destructive crowds (Umek, 2013). When we understand that we can make a risk assessment of a public protest. With risk assessment we can predict a nature of a protest, characteristic of an environment where protest will take place, number of people that will gather and so on. After that we activate necessary police units - special riot police unit, police dogs, mounted police, air support and so on. Special riot police unit is a key unit on every single mass protest where we can expect disturbance of a public order. Before mentioned unit is highly qualified, numerical, equipped and effective so it is an indispensable unit on such occasions. Because this unit works specifically we studied what tactics they use, what kind of equipment they have and what influence early established dialogue between crowd and police has. Because every single unit needs their leader we found out what characteristics are required from the leader and what technique and tactics he requires to use that unit would be most effective. It is important that leader identify himself with organization, gain trust, that he is personally responsible and that he concerns about motivation of his employee (Vršec, 1993). After that we studied basic police powers and tactics of individual units on the field. We fully examined police powers that can specially be used against crowd - jet of water, cavalry, special motor vehicles, gas means and other means that can be used. We examined procedures to maintain public order - use of cordon, \u27\u27wedge\u27\u27 and procedures to restore public order. We compared our tactics and means with tactics of the units in Great Britain and found out that our basic tactics are similar, we only found differences in even more perfective approach of the units from Great Britain. We analysed protests that occured in Slovenia in 2012 and we did a secondary analysis of a interview of commander of a General department on General police administration and we found out that police worked professionally, effectively and ethically on these protests

The importance and prevalence of modern forms of staff training in the corporate environments of transition countries

Compared with traditional forms of education and training, e-learning is gaining increasing importance not only within the academic setting of formal education, but also in the corporate environment. Concerning the latter, it is evident that with increasing pressure on cost efficiency and competitiveness, in addition to the current harsh financial and economic conditions, companies are being challenged and this tends to change their behaviour patterns. In this article, the results of a survey are presented. The survey focused on the current status and possible future trends of corporate e-learning methods in Slovenia, which is among the so-called transition countries. This survey brings more than one aspect of this issue to light. The findings show increasing rates of acceptance of the e-learning education model by the local corporate environment. Nevertheless, significant gaps are evident when compared with the most advanced European and worldwide economies in terms of the widespread use of comprehensive e-learning models and the latest e-learning technologies, such as LMS systems. Furthermore, the survey reveals that e-learning is perceived by companies as cost efficient and flexible, but on the other hand it is not yet perceived to contribute to a higher quality level of staff training when compared with traditional methods