The Incentive Effects of Tournaments: The PGA Australasian Tour 1991

This paper examines the relationship betlveen the structure of tournament incentives and individual performance. Although it follows recent research on Professional Golf Association tournaments in the United States and Europe, it concentrates on the PGA Australasian Tour in 1991 for which financial incentives on average are much less attractive than for tourna1nents in the northern hemisphere. The results strongly confirm that tournan1ents do have an incentive effect. The incentive effects that such tournament-type reward structures are clearly shown to have may be applicable not only to professional sport hut also to industrial wage structures. Tournament models can offer a different perspective on the extent to which pay influences performance at the firm level

The targeting of industrial energy audits for DSM planning

The scope of this section of the study is to establish which industries to target for energy audits and demand side management (DSM) projects. As only a limited number of audits will be conducted, it is important to establish how to maximise the return on the invested efforts and resources. The aim is thus, to develop a ranking of industries based on their potential for savings from DSM interventions. It considers the following criteria: 1. Electricity consumption and potential DSM savings from retrofits at existing plants; 2. Electricity consumption and potential DSM savings for new plants; 3. Potential DSM interventions by industry; 4. The costs of a suite of DSM interventions by industry; and 5. The technical ease with which DSM may be implemented by industry. The potential for DSM savings for different industrial sectors is evaluated based on these criteria, using aggregated values sourced from local and international studies. DSM measures are applied to the various ‘end uses’ of electricity within each industry. From these we suggest a shortlist of 10 industries to target for energy audits and data gathering. We consider both industry and mining, and refer to the group collectively as industry. The data gathered in the energy audits will be used to refine estimates of the potential for DSM savings in each sector. Data loggers will be installed to measure electricity consumption and demand profiles (kW load as a function of time), which will be used to estimate the impact of DSM interventions on national demand for energy and power. This can provide valuable input to power system planning and analysis in the future

Electricity supply industry modeling for multiple objectives under demand growth uncertainty

Appropriate energy–environment–economic (E3) modelling provides key information for policy makers in the electricity supply industry (ESI) faced with navigating a sustainable development path. Key challenges include engaging with stakeholder values and preferences, and exploring trade-offs between competing objectives in the face of underlying uncertainty. As a case study we represent the South African ESI using a partial equilibrium E3 modelling approach, and extend the approach to include multiple objectives under selected future uncertainties. This extension is achieved by assigning cost penalties to non-cost attributes to force the model's least-cost objective function to better satisfy non-cost criteria. This paper incorporates aspects of flexibility to demand growth uncertainty into each future expansion alternative by introducing stochastic programming with recourse into the model. Technology lead times are taken into account by the inclusion of a decision node along the time horizon where aspects of real options theory are considered within the planning process. Hedging in the recourse programming is automatically translated from being purely financial, to include the other attributes that the cost penalties represent. From a retrospective analysis of the cost penalties, the correct market signals, can be derived to meet policy goal, with due regard to demand uncertainty

Fermi Surface Nesting and the Origin of the Charge Density Wave in NbSe2_2

We use highly accurate density functional calculations to study the band structure and Fermi surfaces of NbSe2. We calculate the real part of the non-interacting susceptibility, Re chi_0(q), which is the relevant quantity for a charge density wave (CDW) instability and the imaginary part, Im chi_0(q), which directly shows Fermi surface (FS) nesting. We show that there are very weak peaks in Re chi_0(q) near the CDW wave vector, but that no such peaks are visible in Im chi_0(q), definitively eliminating FS nesting as a factor in CDW formation. Because the peak in Re chi_0(q) is broad and shallow, it is unlikely to be the direct cause of the CDW instability. We briefly address the possibility that electron-electron interactions (local field effects) produce additional structure in the total (renormalized) susceptibility, and we discuss the role of electron-ion matrix elements.Comment: Replacement of Table II values, minor changes to tex

Influence of Electrification Pathways in the Electricity Sector of Ethiopia—Policy Implications Linking Spatial Electrification Analysis and Medium to Long-Term Energy Planning

Ethiopia is a low-income country, with low electricity access (45%) and an inefficient power transmission network. The government aims to achieve universal access and become an electricity exporter in the region by 2025. This study provides an invaluable perspective on different aspects of Ethiopia’s energy transition, focusing on achieving universal access and covering the country’s electricity needs during 2015–2065. We co-developed and investigated three scenarios to examine the policy and technology levels available to the government to meet their national priorities. To conduct this analysis, we soft-linked OnSSET, a modelling tool used for geospatial analysis, with OSeMOSYS, a cost-optimization modelling tool used for medium to long-run energy planning. Our results show that the country needs to diversify its power generation system to achieve universal access and cover its future electricity needs by increasing its overall carbon dioxide emissions and fully exploit hydropower. With the aim of achieving universal access by 2025, the newly electrified population is supplied primarily by the grid (65%), followed by stand-alone (32%) technologies. Similarly, until 2065, most of the electrified people by 2025 will continue to be grid-connected (99%). The country’s exports will increase to 17 TWh by 2065, up from 832 GWh in 2015, leading to a cumulative rise in electricity export revenues of 184 billion USD

Developing evidence-based patient-focused learning materials to support health behaviour change for people living with psoriatic arthritis

OBJECTIVES: In psoriatic arthritis (PsA), self-management is important for patient function and quality of life. Behaviour change can be difficult, patients could benefit from high-quality support to initiate change. Our aim was to codesign the project as theory-informed, evidence-based, patient-focused, materials supporting healthy lifestyle changes for patients diagnosed with PsA. METHODS: Development of the materials was overseen by a steering group of patients with PsA, psychologists, rheumatologists, a design team and researchers. First, a literature review was performed to establish the evidence base for behaviours and potential interventions in PsA, including diet, weight, alcohol, smoking, exercise, anxiety, depression and stress. An initial roundtable of patients with PsA prioritised areas and content ideas. Draft materials including a website and downloadable materials were produced. A second roundtable of patients with PsA collected feedback on the draft content and design. A third roundtable was held with patients with PsA and a fourth with clinicians to refine the materials and ensuring that they were evidence based, accessible, interesting, and helpful to initiate and maintain change. A final evaluation survey was performed to review the draft website before launching the final materials. RESULTS: 15 candidate topics were prioritised. A website and set of postcards summarising the topics were developed by the design team and refined following feedback from the roundtable groups. CONCLUSION: This project created patient-focused resources to support behaviour change. It addresses common concerns of patients with PsA about how they may optimise their health by providing practical and brief interventions to challenge and support them to make changes

Positive impact of pre-stroke surgery on survival following transient focal ischemia in hypertensive rats

We describe a positive influence of pre-stroke surgery on recovery and survival in a commonly used experimental stroke model. Two groups of male, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Group 1 underwent the procedure without any prior intervention whilst group 2 had an additional general anaesthetic 6 days prior to tMCAO for a cranial burrhole and durotomy. Post-stroke recovery was assessed using a 32 point neurological deficit score and tapered beam walk and infarct volume determined from haematoxylin–eosin stained sections. In group 2 survival was 92% (n = 12) versus 67% in group 1 (n = 18). In addition, post-tMCAO associated weight loss was significantly reduced in group 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups in experimental outcomes: infarct volume (Group 1 317 ± 18.6 mm<sup>3</sup> versus Group 2 332 ± 20.4 mm<sup>3</sup>), and serial (day 0–14 post-tMCAO) neurological deficit scores and tapered-beam walk test. Drilling a cranial burrhole under general anaesthesia prior to tMCAO in SHRSP reduced mortality and gave rise to infarct volumes and neurological deficits similar to those recorded in surviving Group 1 animals. This methodological refinement has significant implications for animal welfare and group sizes required for intervention studies

A representative sample of Be stars IV: Infrared Photometry and the Continuum Excess

We present infra-red (JHK) photometry of 52 isolated Be stars of spectral types O9--B9 and luminosity classes III--V. We describe a new method of reduction, enabling separation of interstellar reddening and circumstellar excess. Using this technique we find that the disc emission makes a maximum contribution to the optical (B-V) colour of a few tenths of a magnitude. We find strong correlations between a range of emission lines (H\alpha, Br\gamma, Br11, and Br18) from the Be stars' discs, and the circumstellar continuum excesses. We also find that stellar rotation and disc excess are correlated.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Other papers in this series can be obtained at http://cwis.livjm.ac.uk/astro/research/environs.htm

Performance of arthroscopic irrigation systems assessed with automatic blood detection

Biomechanical EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin

Relativistic and QED corrections to the 2pσu(υ=1)2p\sigma_{u}(\upsilon = 1) vibrational state of the H2+H^{+}_{2} molecular ion

Relativistic and QED corrections to the recently discovered first vibrational $2p\sigma_u$ state are presented. This state has an extremely small nonrelativistic binding energy $E_B=1.085045252(1)\times10^{-9}$ a.u. Its wave functions has a maximum at $R\approx100$ a.u. and extends up to several hundreds. It is shown that this state does not disappear if higher order relativistic and QED corrections, including the Casimir--Polder effect, are taken into account