The effect of red lentil hydroalcoholic extract on retention and retrieval of memory in young and aged mice

Background: Since ancient times, people have believed that certain foods or plants can affect learning and memory potency in humans. The consumption of food and beverages rich in flavonoid compounds has been proposed as a way to restrict the neurodegeneration associated with many neurological complications and to reverse or prevent deterioration in cognitive performance. Objectives: In the present study, we have attempted to show the effect of red lentil extract (RLE), an edible legume with a high quantity of flavonoid, on retrieval and retention of memory in young and aged animals with the use of a passive avoidance apparatus. Materials and Methods: For the experiments, after coding, the animals (128 total) were weighted and classified into different groups as follows: Group 1 as a control received only electric shock, while group 2 as a blank received electric shock plus normal saline (1 mL/100 g). The test groups (groups 3 and 4) received electric shock plus 400 and 800 mg/kg ip. RLE, respectively. The delay in leaving the platform of avoidance apparatus was measured for both retrieval and retention tests of memory in all groups, whereas experiments were conducted on two age levels - young and aged mice. In the test of retention after getting electric shock, RLE immediately, whereas in the test of retrieval 23.5 hours after the shock was administered. Results: Our findings demonstrated where applying both400mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of RLE significantly increased (the latency time increased about 2- and 3-fold respectively in comparison with the control group) retention and retrieval (at least 7-fold compared to the control group) of the memory of young (P < 0.05) and aged (P < 0.01) mice. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the devisable memory-enhancing effects of red lentil (lens culinaris) are due to the antioxidant activity of its flavonoid, tannins, and terpenoids. © 2016, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences

Effect of different levels of energy and different sources of protein on the growth performance, feeding index, survival rate and body composition of juvenile pacific white shrimp

The present study was carried out in order to establish an economical affective diet so that the white leg shrimp grows well in the suthern part conditin of Iran. With the consideration of 3 dietary energy levels (E1=262, E2=312 and E3=362 kcal 100 g -1diet) and 6 ratios of fish meal:soybean meal (P1=100%, P2=80%, P3= 60%, P4=40%, P5= 20% and P6=0%), 18 experimental diets were established. Completely randomized design was used to assign 54 polyethylene 300 litrs round tanks provided by aeration and flow through water systems and was stocked by 19 juvenile as 3 replicates to each shrimps (0.77±00 g). After 56 days growing period maximum growth and nutritional performances were respectively observed in the P6E1(containing 100% soybean meal and 262 kcal 100 g -1diet) and P5E1(containing 80% soybean meal and 262 kcal 100 g -1diet). Also most survival rate of the shrimp was in the P5E2 (containing 80% soybean meal and 312 kcal 100 g 1diet) and P3E3 (containing 40% soybean meal and 362 kcal 100 g -1diet) respectively. Results of the present study suggest the possibility replacements of at least 80% of dietary fish meal by soybean meal in the diet of white leg western shrimp in the condition of southern part of Iran

The position of the intention of the act in civil liability

when a one has caused damage, (he or she) has a civil liability. According to the rule of wasting, which is manifested in Art 328 of the Civil Code, the creator of loss must have the intention of a definitive act Whether he has intended the result or not. The main question is whether a one who does not intend to act, such as an infant or a sleepy person, or a person who has vibration of hands vibration has caused financial or physical damages without any intention, is also a guarantor or not? This article rejects the theory of attribution of losses to the creator of losses. And separates the relation of customary causality from philosophical causation. And by demonstration the impossibility of attribution the damage to the person who does not intend to act - whether in financial or physical losses - he will be exempt from civil liability. But the guarantee, which is a positive rule, according to narrations such as "the blood of the Muslim does not waste", if there is a cause,  the cause is responsible  and if there is no cause, on the base of distributive justice and social participation the treasury has responsibility

Psychometrics of Assessment Tools to Examine the Challenges of Physicians\' Participation in Accreditation Programs

Background: Many organizations believe that physician involvement is important in quality and safety of health services, but they did not properly define, measure, and improve it, so because of the importance of the quality of health care and increasing the involvement of physician this study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on the challenges of physicianschr('39') participation in quality improvement programs. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted in the hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, a researcher-made questionnaire about challenges of physicianschr('39') participation in accreditation activities used for data gathering. The content validity ratio index and content validity index were also calculated. To measure the internal consistency of the instrument, the questionnaire was distributed among 14 physicians, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was determined. For stability or reproducibility of the instrument, test - retest and correlation coefficient were calculated. By distributing questionnaires among 14 people those meeting inclusion criteria, the correlation coefficient was measured twice and at intervals of 2 weeks. SPSS 21 software was used for data analysis Results: The initial questionnaire was consisted of 61 items, which were reduced to 38 items after face and content psychometrics. The questionnaire has 12 sub-concepts. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.83 and the intragroup correlation coefficient in 2 measurements 2 weeks apart was 0.94. Conclusion: This questionnaire is the first and only valid and reliable dedicated tool in the field of challenges of physicianschr('39') participation in accreditation activities in Iran, which can measure and prioritize the challenges in each health center and it can be used to improve health care quality services that are performed by doctors

Novel Homozygous Pathogenic Mutations of LAMA 2 Gene in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy

The laminin-α2 subunit is a protein that is encoded by the Laminin α 2 gene (LAMA2) which has the role of adhesion (attachment of cells to one another). Genetics consideration showed that mutation in LAMA2 caused a collection of muscle-wasting conditions called Muscular Dystrophy (MD). This disorder causes disconnection of the muscular cells and degeneration of the musculoskeletal system. In this study, we define the molecular consideration of 3 patients with laminin α 2 deficiency by clinical presentations of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). In this regard, 65 exons of LAMA2 gene were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Also, MLPA and NGS was done for all patients. Because of negativity of NGS, the gene sequence was performed. The results of searching for rearrangements of the LAMA2 gene enabled us to recognize homozygous pathogenic mutations c.2049_c.2050del, c.7156-2A&gt;G and c,1303C&gt;T. These mutations produce an out-of-frame transcript that will be degraded by nonsense-mediated decay. Therefore, we think these changes are pathogenic ones