Diversité de la microflore initiale de la viande et sécurité sanitaire des consommateurs

La microflore initiale de la viande regroupe les germes survenus de l’animal vivant jusqu’à l’obtention de la carcasse c’est-à dire jusqu’à l’habillage mais avant lavage. Cet article décrit la diversité de cette microflore, les facteurs favorisant leur multiplication et leurs conséquences sur la santé des consommateurs. Les microorganismes de surface retrouvés immédiatement après abattage sur les carcasses ont été d’abord récapitulés. Les principaux indicateurs du respect des bonnes pratiques d’hygiène dans la filière viande ont été ensuite décrits, notamment, la Flore Aérobie Mésophile, Pseudomonas, les Enterobacteriaceae et E. coli. L’implication de l’activité de l’eau, de la température, du potentiel d’oxydoréduction et du pH dans le développement de la microflore initiale de la viande a été présentée. L’altération des viandes, les toxiinfections alimentaires et les conséquences technologiques issues du développement de cette microflore ont été décrites. Enfin, les caractéristiques des principaux germes pathogènes de la viande ont été décrites et les normes microbiologiques de la viande appliquées dans quelques pays ont été inventoriées.Mots clés: viande, microorganisme, altération, toxi-infection, normes

Effect of breed and Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 gene polymorphism on milk production traits in Beninese White Fulani and Borgou cows

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a potential candidate gene with a non-conservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A) in exon 8 having a major effect on milk production traits in cattle. The aim of this study was to analyze the allele and genotype frequency, and investigate the association of the DGAT1 K232A polymorphism with milk production traits in indigenous White Fulani and Borgou cattle breeds in Benin. In total, 103 White Fulani and 103 Borgou were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms and validated by Sanger sequencing. The genotypic frequencies of KK, KA and AA in White Fulani and Borgou breeds were 0.83, 0.16, 0.01 and 0.57, 0.39, 0.04 respectively. Frequencies of K and A alleles were 0.91 and 0.09, and 0.77 and 0.23 in White Fulani and Borgou breeds respectively. The White Fulani cows showed higher daily milk yield (P< 0.01), lactose content (P<0.001), protein yield (P< 0.01) and fat yield (P<0.01) compared to Borgou. The DGAT1 KK genotype was significantly (P<0.05) associated with higher fat yield in White Fulani. Therefore, the DGAT1 locus could serve as a genetic marker for selection of fat yield in indigenous White Fulani Cows. Further studies would be needed to investigate the effect of DGAT1 gene on milk fatty acids variation between the two breeds

Muscle Characteristics, Meat Tenderness and Nutritional Qualities Traits of Borgou, Lagunaire and Zebu Fulani Bulls Raised on Natural Pasture in Benin

peer reviewedThis study was carried out to evaluate muscle characteristics, meat ten derness and nutritional qualities of Benin indigenous cattle raised on natural pasture. Thus, 10 Zebu Fulani, 10 Borgou and 5 Lagunaire were slaughtered at 5 years old and their Longissimus thoracis muscle samples were collected for analyses. Lactate dehydrogenase activity of Zebu Fulani was higher (p0.05). As for isocitrate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, cytochrome oxidase and phosphofructokinase, no significant difference was observed between the three breeds (p>0.05). By contrast, the total collagen content of Borgou (5.2 mg OH-proline/mg dry matter) was higher (p0.05) while the Zebu Fulani had the highest values (p<0.05). The ratio n-6 to n-3 fatty acids obtained in the Zebu was the lower. In general, according to the fatty acids profile, Borgou and Lagunaire bulls’ meat is better than that of Zebu for heart diseas

Evaluation de la qualité technologique et organoleptique de la viande de bovins de races Borgou, Lagunaire et Zébu Peulh, élevés sur des pâturages naturels

Objectif : La qualité de la viande prend en compte la qualité technologique, la qualité organoleptique, la qualité nutritionnelle et la qualité hygiénique. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer les qualités technologiques et organoleptiques de la viande de bovins de races Borgou, Lagunaire et Zébu Peulh, élevés sur pâturage naturels. Méthodologie et résultat : Des données ont été collectées de février à mars 2012 sur 10 Lagunaire, 10 Borgou et 10 Zébu Peulh. Les Zébu Peulh ont une température de refroidissement supérieure aux Borgou et les Lagunaire ont les températures les plus faibles tout au long de la maturation. La viande de bovin de race Borgou a été plus claire (

Livestock phenomics and genetic evaluation approaches in Africa: Current state and future perspectives

The African livestock sector plays a key role in improving the livelihoods of people through the supply of food, improved nutrition and consequently health. However, its impact on the economy of the people and contribution to national GDP is highly variable and generally below its potential. This study was conducted to assess the current state of livestock phenomics and genetic evaluation methods being used across the continent, the main challenges, and to demonstrate the effects of various genetic models on the accuracy and rate of genetic gain that could be achieved. An online survey of livestock experts, academics, scientists, national focal points for animal genetic resources, policymakers, extension agents and animal breeding industry was conducted in 38 African countries. The results revealed 1) limited national livestock identification and data recording systems, 2) limited data on livestock production and health traits and genomic information, 3) mass selection was the common method used for genetic improvement with very limited application of genetic and genomic-based selection and evaluation, 4) limited human capacity, infrastructure, and funding for livestock genetic improvement programmes, as well as enabling animal breeding policies. A joint genetic evaluation of Holstein-Friesian using pooled data from Kenya and South Africa was piloted. The pilot analysis yielded higher accuracy of prediction of breeding values, pointing to possibility of higher genetic gains that could be achieved and demonstrating the potential power of multi-country evaluations: Kenya benefited on the 305-days milk yield and the age at first calving and South Africa on the age at first calving and the first calving interval. The findings from this study will help in developing harmonized protocols for animal identification, livestock data recording, and genetic evaluations (both national and across-countries) as well as in designing subsequent capacity building and training programmes for animal breeders and livestock farmers in Africa. National governments need to put in place enabling policies, the necessary infrastructure and funding for national and across country collaborations for a joint genetic evaluation which will revolutionize the livestock genetic improvement in Africa