Relationship between mothers\' awareness of eruption time of first permanent molar and its caries in 7-9-year-old children

Introduction: Since the first permanent molar (FPM) as a first permanent tooth erupts between 6-7 years old and has a long period of eruption, it is the most caries prone tooth. One of the problems is inadequate knowledge of parents about the eruption time of the FPM; because these teeth erupt behind the deciduous teeth without a primary successor. In the present study, mothers' knowledge about its eruption time and its effect on health of these teeth was evaluated. Materials& Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 406 schoolchildren (7-9 years old) and their mothers using multi-stage sampling in Babol in 2017. Mothers completed the check list according to the study objectives. Clinical status of FPM was measured using DMFT (Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth) index. Finally, data were analyzed with SPSS 18 using t-test and chi-square. Significance level was considered as p<0.05. Results: Mothers’ awareness about the eruption time of FPM (p<0.001) was associated with higher ratio of children with sound FPM. Mothers’ education level was the most significant contributing factor to mothers' knowledge about FPM eruption time. Conclusion: Mothers’ education and their knowledge about the FPMs eruption time were the major predictors of FPM caries status

Acid modified carbon coated monolith for methyl orange adsorption

Carbon coated monolith (CCM) was chemically modified by treating with nitric acid. The acid modified carbon coated monolith (ACCM) was then characterized by using various techniques. Two folds increase in acidic sites was observed on ACCM compared to CCM. Surface studies showed mesoporous nature of ACCM. A decrease in ACCM surface area and an increase in pore volume observed after the modification. The ATR-FT-IR studies showed increase in carboxylic groups on ACCM confirming CCM oxidation by nitric acid. The pH studies showed optimum adsorption (88 mg/g) at pH 6 which is very near to pHPZC of ACCM. Contact time studies showed equilibration time in between 4320 and 4560 min for initial MO concentration range 0.05–0.6 g/L. Comparatively 53% higher MO adsorption was observed on ACCM than CCM under similar experimental conditions. Freundlich model applicability confirms multilayer MO adsorption on ACCM surface. Pseudo-second-order kinetics model was fitted best to the experimental data revealing chemical nature of adsorption process. The adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Desorption studies showed optimum MO recovery (73%) when 1 N NaOH was used as an eluent

Adsorption of carbon dioxide using activated carbon impregnated with Cu promoted by zinc

In the present study, modified activated carbon (AC) was used in a fixed-bed column for CO2 adsorption of gaseous mixtures. The adsorbents were prepared by impregnation two metals Cu and Zn on the surface of the acid modified AC using a two-stage modification. At the first stage, the samples of AC were pretreated by oxidizing agent (nitric acid) to increase the amount of oxygen surface groups and at the second stage, the acid modified AC were impregnated by two metal salts Cu and Zn on the surface to produce a superior CO2 adsorbent. Metal-loaded acid modified AC was prepared by using different ratios of Cu/Zn ranging from 4 to 20%. The CO2 adsorbed have been measured over the temperature range of (30–50 °C), pressure (100–200 kPa) and CO2 concentrations from 5 to 50%. An increase of 49% CO2 adsorbed was resulted by using modified activated carbon. The breakthrough curves indicated that the breakthrough time increased with increasing the operating pressure, and decreased with increasing the temperature from 30 to 50 °C and CO2 concentration from 5 to 50%. The deactivation model was successfully applied to analyze the breakthrough curves under various operating conditions

Palm oil: features and applications

Palm fruits are the source of two distinct but related vegetable oils, namely palm oil and palm kernel oil. Palm oil has many food and industrial applications. Ever-increasing demands for palm oil have substantially impacted its industry, creating some environmental concerns. Both types of oil are high in saturated fatty acids with potential cardiovascular risks. Several attempts have been made to reduce undesirable health and environmental impacts. However, additional research and development activities are needed to meet the concerns of the medical professionals and environmental activists

Synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of three-layered photoanodes by introducing a blend of WO3 and Fe2O3 for dye degradation

A three-layered photoanode has been synthesized by the introduction of an additional layer of mixed WO3 and Fe2O3. A total of nine differently-packaged films were prepared by sol-gel method. The fabricated photoanodes were then successfully characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). A comparative study was also done to differentiate the films fabricated with WO3, Fe2O3 and their mixture. Compact, columnar tree and shallow patterns were observed on the cross cleavage of the synthesized layers. These distinct patterns were associated with the growth of layers which consequently led to unique surface morphologies. An increase in photocurrent density was observed on the bicomponent film which has been linked to a high degree of surface roughness as well as improved internal porosity. Three-layered photoanodes, modified with an additional bicomponent layer of WO3:Fe2O3 established much higher photocurrent outputs compared to that of nanostructured WO3 or Fe2O3, regardless of the bicomponent layer arrangement. However, with the bicomponent layer on top and middle, the measured photocurrent soared more than three times as much compared to a slight increase observed when the bicomponent was placed on the bottom

Enhancement of phenol adsorption on mesoporous carbon monolith modified by NaOH and NH3: equilibrium and kinetic studies

Carbon-coated monoliths (CCMs) were chemically modified by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia aqueous solution (NH3) in order to enhance phenol adsorption. The adsorptive performance of phenol onto CCM-NaOH and CCM-NH3 was comparatively evaluated by batch mode. Experiments were carried out by varying pH, contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration. The optimum molarities for modification were 1.5 M NaOH and 2 M NH3 solutions. The basicity groups of modified CCM were 0.198 and 0.339 mmol g−1 for CCM-NaOH and CCM-NH3 by Boehm titration method, respectively. The presence of basic groups (O–H and NH3) was also confirmed by FT-IR. The studies showed optimum phenol adsorption, at pH 4 for both adsorbents. As compared to unmodified CCM, the CCM-NH3 and CCM-NaOH enhanced phenol uptake by 16.5 and 9.7%, respectively. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacities were 51.29 ± 0.7 mg g−1 for CCM-NaOH and 54.45 ± 0.7 mg g−1 for CCM-NH3 in the range of concentration 50–350 mg L−1. The equilibrium adsorption data for CCM-NaOH and CCM-NH3 was fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Kinetic studies of both modified CCMs showed better applicability of pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The regeneration studies showed a 26% drop in adsorption capacity after four cycles for CCM-NH3

Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders in Iranian Men in the Last 10 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide an estimate of the prevalence of anxiety disorders during 2010-2020 among Iranian men. &nbsp;Methods: We searched international and national databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, SID, and Magiran with related keywords. The selected studies were also qualitatively evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. I2 test was used to measure the heterogeneity of the studies and a random strategy for meta-analysis was considered using the result. Results: We reviewed 782 articles identified through our search. Then, 51 articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria and, data were extracted from 24 articles. After carefully reviewing these articles, 24 articles were ultimately selected for meta-analysis. The overall estimated prevalence of anxiety among men was 12% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.13). The highest prevalence of anxiety was 50% (95%CI: 0.38-0.62) in Tehran and the lowest prevalence of anxiety was 0.014% (95%CI:0.003-0.025) in Shiraz. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders are common and the substantive identified here explain much of the prevalence of mental disorders. These results showed the potential in men to suffer from anxiety disorders