Ideal structure of Leavitt path algebras with coefficients in a unital commutative ring

Let $E$ be an arbitrary (countable) graph and let $R$ be a unital commutative ring. We analyze the ideal structure of the Leavitt path algebra \lr introduced by Mark Tomforde. We first modify the definition of basic ideals and we then develop the ideal characterization of Mark Tomforde. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for the primeness and the primitivity of \lr. Then by applying these results we determine prime graded basic ideals and left (or right) primitive graded ideals of \lr. In particular, we show that when $E$ satisfies Condition (K) and $R$ is a field, the set of prime ideals and the set of primitive ideals of \lr coincide

Stable rank of Leavitt path algebras of arbitrary graphs

The stable rank of Leavitt path algebras of row-finite graphs was computed by Ara and Pardo. In this paper we extend this for an arbitrary directed graph. In some parts, we proceed our computation as the row-finite case while in some parts we use the knowledge about row-finite setting by applying the desingularizing method due to Drinen and Tomforde. In particular, we characterize purely infinite simple quotients of a Leavitt path algebra

Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of gallic acid on the breast adenocarcinoma cell lines SKBR3 versus normal fibroblast cells (HU-02)

Background: Breast cancer is a malignant proliferation of epithelial cells that lining the ducts or lobules of the breast. Breast cancer is the second common cancer (after lung cancer) in women. Gallic acid, being a polyphenols, has been reported for its antiproliferative activity against many cancer cell lines. Objective of the present study is effect of gallic acid on proliferation and apoptosis of the human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines SKBR3 and normal fibroblasts cells. Methods: This experimental study was performed in cellular and developmental biology of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University, Iran from April to August 2015. For anticancer activity, in this study SKBR3 cells and normal fibroblast cells (HU-02) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium, DMEM (Gibco, Life Technologies, Inc., New York, USA) medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, FBS (Gibco, Life Technologies, Inc., New York, USA). The SKBR3 and normal fibroblast cells were treated in the medium of DMEM medium and gallic acid (20, 40, 80, 100 and 200 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cells viability was assessed by MTS (Methyl- Thiazol-) assay. Cells were seeded at 5×103 cells/ml in 96 well plates and incubated for 24 hours. Then metabolites of bacteria were added, after indicated times MTS (20μl) was added and the absorbance was measured at 492 nm using ELISA plate reader. The percentage of apoptosis induction was determined by flow cytometry analysis using Annexin-V fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) kit (BioVision Products, CA, USA) in 20, 40, 80, 100 and 200 μg/ml concentration of gallic acid at 48 hours incubation. Results: Gallic acid decreases significantly the viability of SKBR3 cell line in a time and dose dependent manner. So that the most effective concentration of this substance was 200 μg/ml and 72 hours after treatment (P< 0.05). According to the data of Annexin- PI, the highest apoptosis induction rate was seen in 200 μg/ml (P< 0.05). While gallic acid in various concentrations had no significant effect on normal fibroblast cells. Conclusion: Objective of the present study is effect of gallic acid on proliferation and apoptosis of the human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines SKBR3 and normal fibroblasts cells

Solving the Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem by a Novel Meta-heuristic Algorithm

The multiple traveling salesman problem (MTSP) is a generalization of the famous traveling salesman problem (TSP), where more than one salesman is used in the solution. Although the MTSP is a typical kind of computationally complex combinatorial optimization problem, it can be extended to a wide variety of routing problems. This paper presents an efficient and evolutionary optimization algorithm which has been developed through combining Modified Imperialist Competitive Algorithm and Lin-Kernigan Algorithm (MICA) in order to solve the MTSP.  In the proposed algorithm, an absorption function and several local search algorithms as a revolution operator are used. The performance of our algorithm was tested on several MTSP benchmark problems and the results confirmed that the MICA performs well and is quite competitive with other meta-heuristic algorithms

İran'ın Güneybatısında yer alan cyprinus carpio ve ctenopharyngodon i̇della'daki dactylogyrus türlerinin morfolojik ve moleküler tespiti

Monogeneans gill parasites of the diversified Dactylogyrus genus are host-specific to freshwater fish of the Cyprinidae family. Accurate detection of various Dactylogyrus species is very time-consuming and requires highly experienced personnel; to overcome this problem, the genomic DNA technology has been recently used to detect Dactylogyrus spp. In this study, 23 Cyprinus carpio and 19 Ctenopharyngodon idella isolates were collected from different farms and local markets of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. The gill arches of each fish were carefully examined under a light microscope. Dactylogyrus species was identified morphologically. Identical species were kept in ethanol for molecular study. Molecular analysis was performed using amplification of the ITS-1 region of the ribosomal RNA gene of the parasite. Then, the amplified PCR products were sequenced. The aligned nucleotide sequences were analyzed to construct the phylogenetic tree of the identified species. The results revealed two lineages including D. extensus isolated from common carp and D. lamellatus taken from grass carp fish. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the detected D. extensus and D. lamellatus isolates from Khuzestan region were clustered with some Iranian (Guilan), Chinese and Czech isolates. Importing fingerlings from Guilan Province could lead to introducing monogenean infections to native cyprinid fish.Çeşitlendirilmiş Dactylogyrus cinsinin solungaç monojenleri, Cyprinidae ailesinin tatlı su balıklarına ev sahipliğine özgüdür. Çeşitli Dactylogyrus türlerinin doğru tespiti çok zaman alıcı olduğundan ve çok deneyimli personel gerektirdiğinden, genomik DNA teknolojisi son zamanlarda Dactylogyrus spp. Bu çalışmada, Güneybatı İran'ın Ahvaz'ın farklı çiftliklerinden ve yerel pazarlarından 23 Cyprinus carpio ve 19 Ctenopharyngodon idella toplandı. Her balığın solungaç kemerleri, ışık mikroskobu altında dikkatle incelenir. Dactylogyrus türlerinin morfolojik olarak tanımlanması morfolojik olarak belirlenmiştir. benzer türler moleküler çalışma için etanol içinde tutuldu. Moleküler analiz, parazitin ribozomal RNA geninin ITS-1 bölgesinin amplifikasyonu kullanılarak yapıldı. Daha sonra amplifiye PCR ürünleri dizildi. Hizalanmış nükleotit sekansları, tanımlanan türlerin filogenetik ağacını yürütmek için analiz edilir. Sonuçlar, ortak sazandan izole edilen D. extensus ve çim sazan balıklarından alınan D. lamellatus da dahil olmak üzere iki soyun ortaya çıktığını göstermiştir. Filogenetik analiz, Khuzestan bölgesinden tespit edilen D. extensus ve D. lamellatus izolatlarının bazı İran (Guilan), Çin ve Çek Cumhuriyeti izolatlarıyla kümelendiğini gösterdi. Guilan Eyaletinden balıkların ithal edilmesi, yerli Cyprinid balıklarına monojenik enfeksiyonların ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilir

Autophagy ATG16L1 rs2241880 impacts the colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study

Background: Despite many efforts to discover the important role of the autophagy process in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), the exact involved molecular mechanism still remains to be elucidated. Recently, a limited number of studies have been employed to discover the impact of autophagy genes’ variants on the development and progression of CRC. Here, we evaluated the association between two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the main components of the autophagy genes, ATG16L1 rs2241880, and ATG5 rs1475270, and the CRC risk in an Iranian population. Methods: During this investigation, a total of 369 subjects, including 179 CRC patients and 190 non-cancer controls have been genotyped using Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (TP-ARMS-PCR) method. Result: The results demonstrated that the T allele of the ATG16L1 rs2241880 was significantly associated with the increased risk of CRC in the studied population (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21–2.22, p = 0.0015). Moreover, ATG16L1 rs2241880 TT genotype increased the susceptibility to CRC (OR 3.31, 95% CI: 1.64–6.69, p = 0.0008). Furthermore, a significant association was observed under the recessive and dominant inheritance models (p = 0.0015 and p = 0.017, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found in the ATG5 rs1475270 alleles and genotypes between the cases and controls. Conclusion: The results of the present study may be helpful concerning the risk stratification in CRC patients based on the genotyping approach of autophagy pathways and emphasize the need for further investigations among different populations and ethnicities to refine our conclusion