Bone-marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Wound Healing

Abstract Skin is the largest organ in the human and animal body and serves as the first line of defense against the external environment. The present study aimed to summarize the mechanisms underlying the effect of MSCs on wound healing and describe the latest strategies to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Wounds caused by cuts, abrasions, or burns can disrupt the skin integrity, leading to severe consequences, such as infections, scarring, and reduced mobility. Therefore, effective wound healing therapies are essential to reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life for patients. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising therapy for wound healing due to their unique properties. The MSCs are found in various tissues, including the bone marrow, and can differentiate into multiple cell types, including skin cells. Additionally, MSCs can secrete substances with anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties, which play a critical role in the wound healing process. The MSCs can release these substances as soluble molecules, such as growth factors and cytokines, or enclosed within membrane vesicles like microparticles and exosomes. By releasing these substances, MSCs can reduce inflammation, prevent excessive scarring, and promote the growth of new blood vessels, which are crucial for effective wound healing. The MSC-based therapies have indicated promising results for wound healing. However, the optimal dosage, route of administration, and timing of MSC-based treatments for wound healing applications are yet to be determined. Despite the great potential of bone marrow-derived MSCs to improve the healing process of damaged skin caused by wounds and burns, more research is needed to fully understand how MSCs enhance wound healing and optimize their use in clinical settings. https://jlar.rovedar.com/index.php/JLAR/article/view/

Isoflavones Potentials for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: An Update on In-vivo Studies

Abstract In plant-derived compounds, phytoestrogens are biologically active substances that exhibit various estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. With the increasing prevalence of osteoporosis among older women caused by estrogen deficiency, identifying natural substances that can potentially treat the disease is of utmost significance. This review study aimed to explore how phytoestrogen metabolites mimic mammalian estrogens and prevent bone loss following menopause. Phytoestrogens derived from plants have gained considerable attention due to their similarity to mammalian estrogens and lower impact on sensitive tissues, such as the uterus and breasts. One well-established approach to simulate postmenopausal conditions is by using ovariectomized rats or mice (OVX). The administration of phytoestrogens in the OVX murine model has inhibited osteoclast differentiation, activation, and Pyridinoline secretion. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to enhance bone formation and increase bone mineral density and the expression levels of various osteoblast markers, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and alpha-1 collagen. Several natural phytoestrogen compounds in plants possess a chemical structure akin to 17 beta-estradiol, a steroid hormone. In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen, can potentially treat the disease by binding to estrogen receptors on the surface of target cells. Mechanistic investigations have demonstrated that phytoestrogens can retard bone resorption and promote bone formation. Novel approaches in phytoestrogen research could involve investigating the synergistic effects of combining different phytoestrogen compounds, exploring their interactions with other signaling pathways, or assessing their effects on various bone types. Furthermore, identifying novel sources of phytoestrogens could lead to the discovery of new compounds with potent osteoprotective effects. https://jlar.rovedar.com/index.php/JLAR/article/view/1

Equine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Phenotype and Growth Characteristics, Gene Expression Profile and Differentiation Potentials

Objective: Because of the therapeutic application of stem cells (SCs), isolation and characterization of different types of SCs, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have gained considerable attention in recent studies. Adipose tissue is an abundant and accessible source of MSCs which can be used for tissue engineering and in particular for treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. This study was aimed to isolate and culture equine adipose-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) from little amounts of fat tissue samples and determine some of their biological characteristics. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, only 3-5 grams of fat tissue were collected from three crossbred mares. Immediately, cells were isolated by mechanical means and enzymatic digestion and were cultured in optimized conditions until passage 3 (P3). The cells at P3 were evaluated for proliferative capacities, expression of specific markers, and osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials. Results: Results showed that the isolated cells were plastic adherent with a fibroblast-like phenotype. AT-MSCs exhibited expression of mesenchymal cluster of differentiation (CD) markers (CD29, CD44 and CD90) and not major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and CD34 (hematopoietic marker). Cellular differentiation assays demonstrated the chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic potential of the isolated cells. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings reveal that equine MSCs can be obtained easily from little amounts of fat tissue which can be used in the future for regenerative purposes in veterinary medicine

Salvia verticillata Improved Cognitive Deficits in a Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rat Model

CCH, resulting from multiple cerebrovascular diseases, has been considered the primary cause of cognitive impairment in recent years. In this process, oxidative stress plays a critical role and damages hippocampal neurons. Research has shown that Salvia verticillata has a significant antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity due to its polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Salvia verticillata on a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. A total of 24 rats were subjected to Salvia verticillata or vehicle orally from one week before 2VO surgery for 14 days. Cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by the bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (2VO, n = 12 and sham, n = 12). The cognition of rats was evaluated 1 week after surgery in the MWM. In the MWM test, 2VO rats showed longer escape latency time and swimming distance and spent a shorter time in the target quadrant (p 0.05). Our results indicated that Salvia verticillata treatment significantly improved cognitive deficits in cerebral ischemic rats, probably by reducing oxidative stress damage

Canine Myiasis and Its Causal Agents in Northeastern Iran

Background: Myiasis is defined as the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae for a certain period. There are reports indicating that dogs are the most common species affected by myiasis. This study was conducted to identify myiasis-causing flies in owned and stray dogs in Mashhad (Northeastern Iran). Methods: A total of 435 owned dogs and 800 stray dogs were examined for myia­sis. Myiasis cases were cured and fly larvae were identified by microscopy using the relevant standard identification keys. Results: Ten out of 435 owned dogs (2.29 %) and 18 out of 800 stray dogs (2.25 %) had myiasis. The causative agents of myiasis in dogs based on their fre­quencies were as follows: Wohlfahrtia magnifica (50%), Lucilia sericata (28.57%) and Chrysomya albiceps (21.42%). Conclusion: W. magnifica was the most important myiasis-causing fly among the dogs sampled here, sometimes causing very serious damages. However, when treatment was given early enough, the larvae removed and the wound disinfected, the animals usually made a full recovery

Effect of medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on spinal reflexes in healthy dogs

Abstract Background Sometimes it is necessary to use sedatives or even general anaesthetics to examine animals with spinal cord injuries. These drugs may affect spinal reflexes, alter the outcome of neurological examinations, and make it difficult to diagnose location of the lesion. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of five pre‐anaesthetic and anaesthetic agents commonly used in clinics on spinal reflexes in dogs. Methods Ten native adult dogs were participated in three groups. In all groups, the dogs were premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam; then, in the first group, ketamine, in the second group, propofol and in the third group, isoflurane were used for induction of anaesthesia. The spinal reflexes were evaluated before injection, 15 min after medetomidine, 20 min after midazolam, and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after induction of anaesthesia. Results Medetomidine did not reduce monosynaptic reflexes (patellar and cranial tibial reflexes) but increased them while it had no effect on the polysynaptic limb withdrawal reflexes. Midazolam had no effect on the spinal reflexes; Ketamine did not affect the patellar, cranial tibial and extensor carpi radialis reflexes, but reduced polysynaptic pain‐related reflexes; and propofol and isoflurane abolished the all spinal reflexes. Conclusions Medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine have no effect on reducing monosynaptic reflexes (patellar and cranial tibial reflexes) and may be used for neurological examination of restless animals in the clinic. Propofol and isoflurane eliminated all spinal reflex responses and are not suitable for neurological examinations

Transplantation of Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Platelet-Rich Plasma Accelerate Distraction Osteogenesis in A Canine Model

Objective: Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical procedure used to generate large volumes of new bone for limb lengthening. Materials and Methods: In this animal experimental study, a 30% lengthening of the left tibia (mean distraction distance: 60.8 mm) was performed in ten adult male dogs by callus distraction after osteotomy and application of an Ilizarov fixator. Distraction was started on postoperative day seven with a distraction rate of 0.5 mm twice per day and carried out at a rate of 1.5 mm per day until the end of the study. Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as the treatment group (n=5) or PRP alone (control group, n=5) were injected into the distracted callus at the middle and end of the distraction period. At the end of the consolidation period, the dogs were sacrificed after which computerized tomography (CT) and histomorphometric evaluations were performed. Results: Radiographic evaluationsrevealed that the amount and quality of callus formations were significantly higher in the treatment group (P<0.05). As measured by CT scan, the healing parametersin dogs of the treatment group were significantly greater (P<0.05). New bone formation in the treatment group was significantly higher (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that the transplantation of BM-MSCs positively affects early bony consolidation in DO. The use of MSCs might allow a shortened period of consolidation and therefore permit earlier device removal