Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation promotes GABA release in the substantia nigra and improves locomotion in hemiparkinsonian rats

Dopamine related disorders usually respond to dopaminergic drugs, but not all symptoms are equally responsive. In Parkinson’s disease (PD) in particular, axial symptoms resulting in impaired gait and postural control are difficult to treat. Stochastic vestibular stimulation (SVS) has been put forward as a method to improve CNS function in dopamine related disorders, but the mechanisms of action are not well understood. This thesis aimed to investigate the effects of SVS on neuronal brain activity and to evaluate the possible enhancing effect of SVS on motor control in PD and on cognitive functions and motor learning in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behavioural tests were conducted in the 6-OHDA rat model of PD using the accelerating Rotarod and the Montoya skilled reach test to evaluate the effect of SVS on motor control. The effect of SVS on brain activity was assessed using in vivo microdialysis and immunohistochemistry. We evaluated the effect of SVS on postural control and Parkinsonism in patients with PD and the effect of SVS on cognitive function in people with ADHD. The behavioural animal studies indicate that SVS may have an enhancing effect on locomotion, but not skilled forepaw function. SVS increased GABA transmission in the ipsilesional substantia nigra (SN) and may have a rebalancing effect on dysfunctional brain activity. SVS increased c-Fos activity more than levodopa and saline in the vestibular nucleus of all animals. c-Fos expression was also higher in this region in the 6-OHDA lesioned than in shamlesioned animals, supporting the theory that SVS may have larger effects in the dopamine depleted brain. SVS increased c-Fos expression in the habenula nucleus substantially more than levodopa did. Furthermore, SVS and levodopa had similar effects on many brain regions, including the striatum, where saline had no effect. The clinical studies revealed improvement of postural control in PD during SVS. There was a trend towards reduced Parkinsonism during SVS when off levodopa. No substantial effects were found on cognitive performance in ADHD. In PD, SVS may improve motor control by inhibiting the overactive SN, possibly through a non-dopaminergic modulatory pathway involving increased neurotransmission in the habenula nucleus. SVS could be trialled in larger studies to evaluate long-term effects on treatment resistant axial symptoms associated with PD

Building capacity for dementia care in Latin America and the Caribbean

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have limited facilities and professionals trained to diagnose, treat, and support people with dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment. The situation for people with dementia is poor, and worsening as the proportion of elderly in the general population is rapidly expanding. We reviewed existing initiatives and provided examples of actions taken to build capacity and improve the effectiveness of individuals, organizations, and national systems that provide treatment and support for people with dementia and their caregivers. Regional barriers to capacity building and the importance of public engagement are highlighted. Existing programs need to disseminate their objectives, accomplishments, limitations, and overall lessons learned in order to gain greater recognition of the need for capacity-building programs

From Port-of-Spain Summit to United Nations High Level Meeting CARICOM and the Global Non-communicable Disease Agenda

The English-speaking Caribbean has the highest per capita burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) in the region of the Americas. Building on a long history of cooperation in health among the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and past successes in eliminating/reducing communi-cable diseases through collective action, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have now been targeted. CARICOM convened a “first-in-the-world” summit of Heads of Government to address NCDs, which generated the Port-of-Spain NCD Summit Declaration, “Uniting to Stop The Epidemic of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases”. This 15-point declaration calls on all of government, civil society and the private sector to jointly tackle the common risk factors for the major chronic diseases, and improve the care of such diseases. Implementation of this declaration has been mixed, being most successful where there were regional supports, and in countries with populations > 250 000 reflecting country capacity. CARICOM has elevated this approach to the global level through successful advocacy for a United Nations High Level Meeting on NCDs to be convened in September 2011. Jamaica will be one of two co-facilitators of this meeting, a reflection of the role of CARICOM countries in advancing the NCD agenda at the global level. CARICOM Heads of Government should attend this meeting, showcase the implementation of the NCD Summit Declaration in the Caribbean, commit to enhancing systems and resources, endorse and imple-ment the commitments made and identify and support leadership for sustained action and accountability for these initiatives. Keywords: CARICOM, chronic non-communicable diseases, Heads of Government, Summit, United Nations "Desde la Cumbre de Puerto España a la Reunión de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas CARICOM y la Agenda Global de ENC" RESUMEN El Caribe anglófono tiene la carga per cápita más alta de enfermedades no comunicables crónicas (ENCs) en la región de las Américas. Como continuación de una larga historia de cooperación en materias de salud en la Comunidad caribeña (CARICOM) y éxitos pasados en la eliminación/reducción de las enfermedades comunicativas a través de acciones colectivas, las ENCs se han colocado ahora en el centro de la atención. CARICOM convocó a la primera cumbre mundial de Jefes de Gobierno para abordar el problema de las ENCs, y en la cual se produjo la declaración de la Cumbre de Puerto Príncipe sobre ENC: “Unidos para detener la epidemia de las enfermedades no comunicables crónicas”. Esta declaración de 15 puntos, hace un llamado a todos los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y el sector privado, a abordar el problema de los factores de riesgo comunes de las principales enfermedades crónicas. La imple-mentación de esta declaración de lucha contra las ENCs ha tomado diversas formas, y ha tenido mayor éxito allí donde ha habido apoyo regional, y en los países con poblaciones > 250 000 reflejo de la capacidad del país. CARICOM ha elevado este enfoque a nivel global abogando exitosamente por una Reunión de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre ENCs a celebrarse en septiembre de 2011. Jamaica ocupará una de las dos presidencias de esta reunión, lo cual refleja el papel de los países del CARICOM en el progreso de la agenda de ENC a nivel global. Los Jefes de Gobierno de CARICOM deben asistir a esta reunión, mostrar la implementación de la Declaración de la Cumbre sobre ENC, comprometerse a mejorar los sistemas y recursos, refrendar e implementar los compromisos hechos, e identificar y apoyar el liderazgo a fin de lograr una acción sostenida y responsabilidad ante estas iniciativas. Palabras claves: CARICOM, enfermedades no comunicables crónicas, jefes de gobierno, cumbre, Naciones Unida