Accuracy control in ultra-large-scale electronic structure calculation

Numerical aspects are investigated in ultra-large-scale electronic structure calculation. Accuracy control methods in process (molecular-dynamics) calculation are focused. Flexible control methods are proposed so as to control variational freedoms, automatically at each time step, within the framework of generalized Wannier state theory. The method is demonstrated in silicon cleavage simulation with 10^2-10^5 atoms. The idea is of general importance among process calculations and is also used in Krylov subspace theory, another large-scale-calculation theory.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures. To appear in J.Phys. Condens. Matter. A preprint PDF file in better graphics is available at http://fujimac.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/lses/index_e.htm

Landau Levels from the Bethe Ansatz Equations

The Bethe ansatz (BA) equations for the two-dimensional Bloch electrons in a uniform magnetic field are treated in the weak field limit. We have calculated energies near the lower boundary of the energy spectrum up to the first nontrivial order. It corresponds to calculating a finite size correction for the excitation energies of the BA solvable lattice models and gives the Landau levels in the present problem.Comment: 4 pages, 4 eps figures, RevTe

Zombie Lending and Depressed Restructuring in Japan

In this paper, we propose a bank-based explanation for the decade-long Japanese slowdown following the asset price collapse in the early 1990s. We start with the well-known observation that most large Japanese banks were only able to comply with capital standards because regulators were lax in their inspections. To facilitate this forbearance the banks often engaged in sham loan restructurings that kept credit flowing to otherwise insolvent borrowers (that we call zombies). Thus, the normal competitive outcome whereby the zombies would shed workers and lose market share was thwarted. Our model highlights the restructuring implications of the zombie problem. The counterpart of the congestion created by the zombies is a reduction of the profits for healthy firms, which discourages their entry and investment. In this context, even solvent banks do not find good lending opportunities. We confirm our story's key predictions that zombie-dominated industries exhibit more depressed job creation and destruction, and lower productivity. We present firm-level regressions showing that the increase in zombies depressed the investment and employment growth of non-zombies and widened the productivity gap between zombies and non-zombies.

Spin accumulation created electrically in an n-type germanium channel using Schottky tunnel contacts

Using high-quality Fe$_{3}$Si/$n^{+}$-Ge Schottky-tunnel-barrier contacts, we study spin accumulation in an $n$-type germanium ($n$-Ge) channel. In the three- or two-terminal voltage measurements with low bias current conditions at 50 K, Hanle-effect signals are clearly detected only at a forward-biased contact. These are reliable evidence for electrical detection of the spin accumulation created in the $n$-Ge channel. The estimated spin lifetime in $n$-Ge at 50 K is one order of magnitude shorter than those in $n$-Si reported recently. The magnitude of the spin signals cannot be explained by the commonly used spin diffusion model. We discuss a possible origin of the difference between experimental data and theoretical values.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, To appear in J. Appl. Phy

Large-scale electronic structure theory for simulating nanostructure process

Fundamental theories and practical methods for large-scale electronic structure calculations are given, in which the computational cost is proportional to the system size. Accuracy controlling methods for microscopic freedoms are focused on two practical solver methods, Krylov-subspace method and generalized-Wannier-state method. A general theory called the 'multi-solver' scheme is also formulated, as a hybrid between different solver methods. Practical examples are carried out in several insulating and metallic systems with 10^3-10^5 atoms. All the theories provide general guiding principles of constructing an optimal calculation for simulating nanostructure processes, since a nanostructured system consists of several competitive regions, such as bulk and surface regions, and the simulation is designed to reproduce the competition with an optimal computational cost.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures. To appear in J. Phys. Cond. Matt. A preprint PDF file in better graphics is available at http://fujimac.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/lses/index_e.htm

Krylov Subspace Method for Molecular Dynamics Simulation based on Large-Scale Electronic Structure Theory

For large scale electronic structure calculation, the Krylov subspace method is introduced to calculate the one-body density matrix instead of the eigenstates of given Hamiltonian. This method provides an efficient way to extract the essential character of the Hamiltonian within a limited number of basis set. Its validation is confirmed by the convergence property of the density matrix within the subspace. The following quantities are calculated; energy, force, density of states, and energy spectrum. Molecular dynamics simulation of Si(001) surface reconstruction is examined as an example, and the results reproduce the mechanism of asymmetric surface dimer.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures; corrected typos; to be published in Journal of the Phys. Soc. of Japa

Will the U.S. Bank Recapitalization Succeed? Eight Lessons from Japan

During the financial crisis that started in 2007, the U.S. government has used a variety of tools to try to rehabilitate the U.S. banking industry. Many of those strategies were used also in Japan to combat its banking problems in the 1990s. There are also a surprising number of other similarities between the current U.S. crisis and the recent Japanese crisis. The Japanese policies were only partially successful in recapitalizing the banks until the economy finally started to recover in 2003. From these unsuccessful attempts, we derive eight lessons. In light of these eight lessons, we assess the policies the U.S. has pursued. The U.S. has ignored three of the lessons and it is too early to evaluate the U.S. policies with respect to four of the others. So far the U.S. has avoided Japan’s problem of having impaired banks prop up zombie firms.