The Influence of Using 'CAPAT'-Based Educational Game Media on Critical Thinking Skills and Learning Interest of Students in Civic Education (PPKN) at Ar-Rohmaniyyah High School

The purpose of this study is to find out: (1) The effect of the use of educational game-based learning media "CAPAT" on students' critical thinking skills. (2) The effect of using educational game-based learning media "CAPAT" on learning interest in PPKn subjects of Arrohmaniyah High School. (3) The use of educational game-based learning media "CAPAT" for critical thinking skills and learning interest in PPKn subjects of Arrohmaniyah High School. The method уаng dіgunаkаn dаlаm реngаmbіlаn data раdа реnеlіtіаn іnі i.e. mеnggunаkаn mеtоdе "рurроѕіvе ѕаmрlіng". The results obtained showed that: (1) There was a significant influence of variable X (Use of CAPAT Educational Games) on variable Y (critical thinking skills) in class XII of SMA Arrohmaniyah Tambelangan, Sampang Regency. The value of the Correlation Coefficient is 0.566, meaning that the influence of variable X (Use of CAPAT Educational Games) on variable Y (critical thinking ability) is 56.6%. (2) There is no significant influence of variable X (Use of CAPAT Educational Games) on variable Y (Student learning interest) in class XII of SMA Arrohmaniyah Tambelangan Sampang Regency, the influence of variable X (Use of CAPAT Educational Games) on variable Y (Student learning interest) is only 0.5%. (3) The CAPAT educational game method can increase students' interest in learning and their critical thinking skills in PPKn subjects at SMA Arrohmaniyah Tambelangan Sampan

Microbial and heavy metal contaminant of antidiabetic herbal preparations formulated in Bangladesh

The aim of the current study was to evaluate microbial contamination in terms of microbial load (total aerobic count and total coliform count) and specific pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, particularly Escherichia coli 0157) in thirteen antidiabetic herbal preparations (ADHPs) from Dhaka City. All the thirteen ADHPs had been found contaminated with fungi and different pathogenic bacteria. From the data, it is found that only two of these preparations (ADHP-1 and ADHP-12) complied with the safety limit (as stated in different Pharmacopoeias and WHO guidelines) evaluated by all different microbial counts. None of these herbal preparations could assure the safety as all of them were contaminated by fungi. The overall safety regarding heavy metal content (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, and Pb) was assured as none of them exceeded the safety limit of the daily intake. Microbial contaminants in these herbal preparations pose a potential risk for human health and care should be taken in every step involved in the preparation of these herbal preparations to assure safety.Rausan Zamir, Anowar Hosen, M. Obayed Ullah, and Nilufar Naha

The challenges of long-delayed prosecutions in fighting impunity in Bangladesh

This article focuses on the challenges of ‘long-delayed’ prosecutions, that is, criminal prosecutions that begin decades after the conflict, using the experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for Bangladesh (ICT-BD) as a case study. This issue is still an insufficiently discussed topic even though such prosecutions are likely to become more common in the future. The focus of this article is mainly on the legal and broader, transitional justice challenges of long-delayed prosecutions at the ICT-BD. The article examines how such prosecutions have had a contradictory, twofold effect: on the one hand, they have partially broken the endemic culture of impunity that was allowed to prevail for decades in Bangladesh. On the other hand, however, they have been highly controversial and may have served to deepen alienation of the Islamist opposition in Bangladesh. The article concludes that the question of whether long-delayed prosecutions are desirable for a particular society remains highly context-dependent and, in some cases, mechanisms other than criminal trials may be better suited to dealing with the past

The Challenges of Long-Delayed Prosecutions in Fighting Impunity in Bangladesh

This article focuses on the challenges of ‘long-delayed’ prosecutions, that is, criminal prosecutions that begin decades after the conflict, using the experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for Bangladesh (ICT-BD) as a case study. This issue is still an insufficiently discussed topic even though such prosecutions are likely to become more common in the future. The focus of this article is mainly on the legal and broader, transitional justice challenges of long-delayed prosecutions at the ICT-BD. The article examines how such prosecutions have had a contradictory, twofold effect: on the one hand, they have partially broken the endemic culture of impunity that was allowed to prevail for decades in Bangladesh. On the other hand, however, they have been highly controversial and may have served to deepen alienation of the Islamist opposition in Bangladesh. The article concludes that the question of whether long-delayed prosecutions are desirable for a particular society remains highly context-dependent and, in some cases, mechanisms other than criminal trials may be better suited to dealing with the past

Comparison of outcome of interdigitated versus sequential brachytherapy along with concurrent chemoradiation in locally advanced carcinoma cervix

Background: Carcinoma cervix is a significant health concern, particularly in lower socioeconomic groups. The effectiveness of interdigitated versus sequential brachytherapy, both with concurrent chemoradiation, in treating this condition remains underexplored. Methods: This quasi-experimental study at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital enrolled 63 patients with biopsy-proven squamous cell cervical cancer. They were randomly divided into two arms: arm a received pelvic EBRT 50 Gy in 25 fractions, followed by HDR brachytherapy (7 Gy weekly × 3 weeks) starting after 30 Gy of EBRT; arm B received the same pelvic EBRT, followed by HDR brachytherapy (7 Gy weekly × 3 weeks) starting a week after the completion of EBRT. Results: Mean age was 47.82±8.45 years (range: 29-64 years). The mean OTT was significantly reduced in arm-A (36.58 days) compared to arm-B (59.5 days). In terms of treatment response, 90.32% of patients in arm-A and 78.12% in arm-B experienced a complete response. Conclusions: Interdigitated brachytherapy with concurrent chemoradiation significantly reduces treatment time without compromising treatment effectiveness. Despite a shorter treatment duration, the complete response rate was slightly higher in the interdigitated arm