Opening Schumer’s Box: The Empirical Foundations of Modern Consumer Finance Disclosure Law

This Article explores the fundamental failure of Congress’ twenty-five-year quest to utilize disclosure as the primary tool to both regulate credit card issuers and educate consumers. From inception until present, reforms to this disclosure regime, even when premised on judgment and decision-making behavioralism, were nomothetic in orientation and ignored clear differences in population behavior and the heterogeniety of consumers. Current law prohibits credit card issuers from acquiring consumer socio-demographic data and prevents issuers and regulators from using market and policy experimentation to enhance disclosure’s efficacy. To explain why this regime was structured this way and why it must change, this Article contains four key sections: (1) a comprehensive review of the creation of our modern consumer credit card regulatory scheme; (2) a survey of the empirical evidence used to update and expand that disclosure-centered regime over twenty-five years; (3) an account of why the existing scheme’s disclosure function substantially fails, notwithstanding recent reforms; and (4) an argument that to achieve optimal credit card disclosure efficacy, the law must permit issuers to acquire and utilize customer socio-demographic information, including race, gender, and other characteristics

Race, Markets, and Hollywood\u27s Perpetual Antitrust Dilemma

This Article focuses on the oft-neglected intersection of racially skewed outcomes and anti-competitive markets. Through historical, contextual, and empirical analysis, the Article describes the state of Hollywood motion-picture distribution from its anticompetitive beginnings through the industry\u27s role in creating an anti-competitive, racially divided market at the end of the last century. The Article\u27s evidence suggests that race-based inefficiencies have plagued the film distribution process and such inefficiencies might likely be caused by the anti-competitive structure of the market itself, and not merely by overt or intentional racial-discrimination. After explaining why traditional anti-discrimination laws are ineffective remedies for such inefficiencies, the Article asks whether antitrust remedies and market mechanisms mght provide more robust solutions

Formulasi Dan Uji Sterilitas Hidrogel Herbal Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tagetes Erecta L.

FORMULASI DAN UJI STERILITAS HIDROGEL HERBAL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN Tagetes erecta L. Hosea Jaya Edy1), Marchaban2*), Subagus Wahyuono2), Agung Endro Nugroho2) 1)Program Doktoral Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281 2)Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281 *E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT Ethanolic extract of T. erecta as raw material locally named bunga tahi kotok. Chemical constituents contained in T. erecta are polyphenols and flavonoids useful in wound healing. Ethanolic extract of T. erecta formulation into the hydrogel highly beneficial in the treatment process. The sterility perfomed also be a critical point in ensuring the quality of medicines. The physical characteristics of the hydrogel highly dependent on the material used gel base. This study used a combination of three types of bases are Carbopol 940, Colagen and CMC. Physical properties testing conducted shortly after the formulations obtained good results. Stability testing conducted during the three months that remain sterile hydrogel obtained or not contaminated with microorganisms. Keywords : Tagetes erecta L, formulation, hydrogel, physical characteristics, sterility ABSTRAK Ekstrak etanol daun Tagetes erecta L. atau biasa dikenal dengan nama tanaman bunga tahi kotok memiliki kandungan flavonoid dan fenolik yang berfungsi membantu proses penyembuhan luka. Formulasi ekstrak daun T. erecta dalam bentuk hidrogel sangat bermanfaat dalam proses pengobatan. Karakteristik fisik hidrogel sangat bergantung terhadap bahan basis gel yang digunakan. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan kombinasi tiga jenis basis yaitu karbopol 940, gelatin dan CMC. Sterilitas sedian juga menjadi titik penting dalam menjamin kualitas obat. Dalam penelitian ini dibuat tiga formula hidrogel dengan bobot basis yang berbeda-beda. Pengujian sifat fisik yang dilakukan sesaat setelah proses formulasi didapatkan hasil yang baik. Pengujian sterilitas yang dilakukan selama tiga bulan didapatkan hasil sediaan yang tetap steril atau tidak terkontaminasi mikroorganisme

Bioactivity of crude extracts of Ascomycetes isolated from Tanzanian traditionally fermented milk, Mtindi

In an attempt to find potential functional foods in Tanzania, a study was conducted to assess bioactivity of 18 ethyl acetate extracts from nine (9)  Ascomycetes strains. Namely; Candida tropicalis, C. pararugosa, Clavispora lusitaniae, Issatchenkia orientalis, Pichia kudriavzevii, Pichia guilliermondii, Galactomyces geotricum, Debaryomyces hansenii and Yarrowia lipolytica isolated from traditional fermented milk “mtindi”. Lethality test of the extracts was determined using Artemia salina naupalii in a Brine Shrimp Test (BST). The lethal concentration (LC50) obtained ranged from 89.7µg/ml to over 1000 µg/ml.  Bioactivity results showed that, one of the 18 extracts had exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Vibrio cholera having minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.1653mg/ml on each account. More than 40% of extracts exhibited strong to moderate antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC 0.16 mg/ml – 1.25 mg/ml). In conclusion, these results suggest that yeasts found in traditional fermented milk have potential biological activity that could be used for treatment of some diarrhoeal and fungal infections and possibly tuberculosis. Key words: Yeasts, Brine Shrimp Test, Antimicrobial Activity, Traditional Fermented mil

The Four Stages of Youth Sports TBI Policymaking: Engagement, Enactment, Research, and Reform

This article advances, for the first time, a framework for situating public health law interventions as occurring in a predictable four-stage process. In this article, written in connection with our panel at the Public Health Law Research Conference (2014), we briefly apply this four-stage framework to youth sports TBI laws, and conclude that public health lawmaking in this area is consistent with prior high-visibility public health law interventions

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum basilicum L.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum  L.) contain flavonoid, saponins and tannins that have antibacterial activity. This study is aims to make basil cream then determine antibacterial activity of cream against Staphylococcus aureus. The cream  was made with five concentrations of extract 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15% respectively. The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. Antibacterial test was carried out by using the well method. The results of the evaluation of physical properties for the organoleptic test and homogeneity test showed that the cream dosage form met the requirements, the average pH value is 4.92±0.27, average value of dispersion test is 3.30±0.0 cm, average value of adhesion test is 7.92±0.29 seconds. Antibacterial effectiveness test showed an average diameter value for formula I (3%) is 8.94±1.60 mm, formula II (6%) 9.46±6.85 mm, formula III (9%) 10.30±3.28 mm, formula IV (12%) 15.18±8.04 mm, formula V(15%) 16.23±4.16 mm. The statistical test proves that formula V has the best resistance  and can be concluded that the antibacterial cream dosage form of the ethanol extract of basil leaves can be formulated into a cream that is good, physically stable and can inhibit bacterial growth. Keywords: Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum  L.), Cream, Antibacterial. ABSTRAK Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum  L.) memiliki kandungan senyawa flavonoid, saponin dan tannin yang bersifat sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sediaan krim ekstrak etanol daun kemangi yang stabil secara fisik dan mengetahui daya hambat krim antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Krim dibuat menggunakan lima variasi konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%. Ekstrak diperoleh dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Uji antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode sumuran. Hasil evaluasi sifat fisik untuk uji organoleptik dan uji homogenitas menunjukkan sediaan krim memenuhi persyaratan, nilai pH rata-rata 4,92±0,27 nilai rata-rata daya sebar 3,30±0,0 cm; niai rata-rata uji daya lekat 7,92±0,29 detik. Uji efektivitas antibakteri menunjukkan nilai rata-rata diameter untuk formula I (3%); 8,94±1,60 mm; formula II (6%) 9,46±6,85 mm; formula III (9%) 10,30±3,28 mm; formula IV (12%) 15,18±8,04 mm; dan formula V (15%) 16,23±4,16 mm. Uji statistika membuktikan bahwa formula V memiliki daya hambat yang paling baik dan disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun kemangi dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan krim yang baik dan stabil secara fisik dan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Kata Kunci: Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum  L.) , Krim, Antibakter