Faecal Short-chain Fatty Acid and Early Introduction of Foods in the First 200 Days of Infant’s Life in the District of Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

Dosage of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) according to food diet showed that the content of acetate was high in newborn feaces. Infants receiving food supplements have a complex and diverse gut microbiota. Moreover, the results show that infants from poor districts have an abundant concentration of SCFAs in their faeces compared to those living in places with a relatively high standard of living. Among infants receiving milk, the highest proportion of SCFA is acetate in breastfed infants (BF) at a rate of 15.025 ± 2.23 μmol/g, followed by propionate in infants receiving mixed feeding (BF+FF), at a rate of 13.58 ± 1.03 μmol/g and butyrate in infants taking mixed feeding at a rate of 0.32 ± 0.72 μmol/g. However, among infants starting early diet diversification, acetate is higher in infants receiving milk formula and diet diversification (FF+FD) with a concentration of 25.4 ± 0 μmol/g, followed by propionate (2.36 ± 0 μmol/g) in infants receiving mixed feeding (BF+FF) and butyrate in those fed with (BF+FD). Partial breastfeeding is associated with a higher proportion of acetate, butyrate and propionate. The study of the correlation between the different SCFAs produced and the ASV (Variants of Microbial Amplicon Sequences) of the intestinal community of the child, shows that acetate is positively correlated with Bifidobacterium and negatively with Streptococcus and Escherichia-Shigella. Propionate is positively correlated with Bifido bacterium and negatively with Escherichia-Shigella. Similarly, butyrate is positively correlated with Bifidobacterium and negatively with Escherichia-Shigella

UPGMA type dendrogram generated using spoligotypes profiles on the MIRU-VNTRplus website.

<p>Thirteen clusters were observed. SIT numbers of clusters are indicated with corresponding clades in brackets.</p

Spoligotypes identified by a SIT number in the SITVIT database.

1<p>SIT: Shared International Type.</p>2<p>The black and white boxes indicate the presence and absence, respectively, of the specific spacer at positions 1–43 in the DR locus.</p>3<p>Clade designations according to SpolDB4 database.</p

Drug resistance patterns according to lineages.

1<p>Percentages are in brackets.</p

Spoligotypes of orphan strains and clusters not identified in the SITVIT database.

1<p>DNA identification in the sample database.</p>2<p>The black and white boxes indicate the presence and absence, respectively, of the specific spacer at positions 1–43 in the DR locus.</p

Dendrogram generated using MIRU-VNTR profiles of 74 strains identified as SIT 53 by spoligotyping.

<p>Samples CIV000067, CIV000077 and CIV000093 are characterized by the presence of double alleles for Mtub30 (4+2), Mtub21 (4+3) and Miru40 (5+2) respectively.</p

Pair-wise analysis of SNPs among Ivorian <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i> strains and an epidemiologically unrelated 4/O:3 isolate.

<p>Pair-wise analysis of SNPs among Ivorian <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i> strains and an epidemiologically unrelated 4/O:3 isolate.</p

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis patterns of 7 <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i> 4/O:3 strains isolated from animals and humans.

<p>C: Control <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i> 4/O:3 strain IP134, M: middle range molecular size marker, 1: IP35470; 2: IP35471; 3: IP35472; 4: IP35474; 5: IP35475; 6: IP35477; 7: IP35478.</p

Average number of spontaneous Rif^R and Nal^R mutants in colonies with various phage types.

<p>Average number of spontaneous Rif^R and Nal^R mutants in colonies with various phage types.</p