Electric Energy Transmission Processes and the Importance of Integrated System Management and Operation

La energía eléctrica es fundamental en diferentes sectores del desarrollo de una sociedad; dado que se utiliza en todo tipo de industrias y sectores económicos y es fundamental en nuestros hogares, por lo que el acceso a un servicio de energía eléctrica de calidad en la ciudad o en las zonas rurales proporciona un índice de referencia del nivel de desarrollo de un territorio. Por esta razón, la transmisión de energía eléctrica se considera uno de los factores más relevantes para mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de un país con alto índice de pobreza. La energía eléctrica es un servicio que debe transmitirse de manera garantizada con altos estándares de calidad, confiabilidad y disponibilidad. Esto apoya el desarrollo económico de una nación. Esta investigación se enfocó en estudiar la eficiencia de una organización que brinda el servicio de transformación y transporte de energía eléctrica en Colombia y a través de este estudio impactar a profesionales, instituciones de educación superior y empresas para asegurar su presencia en el mercado y en paralelo brindar a las empresas una guía que permita a las organizaciones dedicadas al sector eléctrico en Colombia cumplir con la normativa vigente. Este trabajo destaca la necesidad de realizar procesos mecánicos, eléctricos, instrumentales, operacionales y de gestión con altos estándares para las empresas que brindan servicio de transmisión de energía eléctrica con equipos que operan a tensiones superiores a 220 kV. Adicionalmente, esta investigación tiene como objetivo establecer una guía que permita a las organizaciones dedicadas al sector eléctrico en Colombia cumplir con la normativa vigenteElectric energy is fundamental in different sectors of a society's development; electric energy is used in all types of industries and economic sectors and is essential in people's homes, so access to a quality electric energy service in the city or in rural areas provides a reference index of a territory's level of development. For this reason, electricity transmission is considered one of the most relevant factors for improving the quality of life of the inhabitants of a country with a high poverty index. Electric power is a service that must be transmitted in a guaranteed manner with high standards of quality, reliability, and availability. This supports the economic development of a nation. This research focused on studying the efficiency of an organization that provides the service of transformation and transportation of electrical energy in Colombia and through this study to impact professionals, higher education institutions and companies to ensure their presence in the market, improving the quality of their graduates in different areas of knowledge such as physics and engineering and in parallel to provide companies with a guide that allows organizations dedicated to the electricity sector in Colombia to comply with existing regulations. This work highlights the need to perform mechanical, electrical, instrumental, operational and management processes with high standards for companies that provide electric power transmission service with equipment operating at voltages above 220 kV. Additionally, this research aims to establish a guide that allows organizations dedicated to the electric sector in Colombia to comply with current regulations

Correction to: Comparative effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonists for atrial fibrillation in clinical practice: GLORIA-AF Registry

International audienceIn this article, the name of the GLORIA-AF investigator Anastasios Kollias was given incorrectly as Athanasios Kollias in the Acknowledgements. The original article has been corrected

Patterns of oral anticoagulant use and outcomes in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: a post-hoc analysis from the GLORIA-AF Registry

Background: Previous studies suggested potential ethnic differences in the management and outcomes of atrial fibrillation (AF). We aim to analyse oral anticoagulant (OAC) prescription, discontinuation, and risk of adverse outcomes in Asian patients with AF, using data from a global prospective cohort study. Methods: From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase II-III (November 2011-December 2014 for Phase II, and January 2014-December 2016 for Phase III), we analysed patients according to their self-reported ethnicity (Asian vs. non-Asian), as well as according to Asian subgroups (Chinese, Japanese, Korean and other Asian). Logistic regression was used to analyse OAC prescription, while the risk of OAC discontinuation and adverse outcomes were analysed through Cox-regression model. Our primary outcome was the composite of all-cause death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The original studies were registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01468701, NCT01671007, and NCT01937377. Findings: 34,421 patients were included (70.0 ± 10.5 years, 45.1% females, 6900 (20.0%) Asian: 3829 (55.5%) Chinese, 814 (11.8%) Japanese, 1964 (28.5%) Korean and 293 (4.2%) other Asian). Most of the Asian patients were recruited in Asia (n = 6701, 97.1%), while non-Asian patients were mainly recruited in Europe (n = 15,449, 56.1%) and North America (n = 8378, 30.4%). Compared to non-Asian individuals, prescription of OAC and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) was lower in Asian patients (Odds Ratio [OR] and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.23 [0.22-0.25] and 0.66 [0.61-0.71], respectively), but higher in the Japanese subgroup. Asian ethnicity was also associated with higher risk of OAC discontinuation (Hazard Ratio [HR] and [95% CI]: 1.79 [1.67-1.92]), and lower risk of the primary composite outcome (HR [95% CI]: 0.86 [0.76-0.96]). Among the exploratory secondary outcomes, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher risks of thromboembolism and intracranial haemorrhage, and lower risk of major bleeding. Interpretation: Our results showed that Asian patients with AF showed suboptimal thromboembolic risk management and a specific risk profile of adverse outcomes; these differences may also reflect differences in country-specific factors. Ensuring integrated and appropriate treatment of these patients is crucial to improve their prognosis. Funding: The GLORIA-AF Registry was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH