Impacto da vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10-valente na meningite pneumocócica em crianças com até dois anos de idade no Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da vacinação contra o Streptococcus pneumoniae na morbidade e mortalidade por meningite pneumocócica em crianças ≤ 2 anos, no Brasil, entre 2007-2012. Este é um estudo descritivo com análise ecológica, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram definidos os períodos pré-vacinal (2007-2009) e pós-vacinal (2011-2012) para comparar as taxas de incidência e mortalidade. Foram identificados 1.311 casos e 430 óbitos no período do estudo. A taxa de incidência diminuiu de 3,70/100.000 no ano de 2007 para 1,84/100.000 em 2012, e a mortalidade reduziu de 1,30/100.000 para 0,40/100.000, o que significa uma redução de 50% e 69%, respectivamente, com maior impacto identificado na faixa etária de 6 a 11 meses. Os resultados indicam uma diminuição nos indicadores de morbidade e mortalidade de meningite pneumocócica, observados dois anos após a introdução da vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10-valente, sugerindo sua efetividade.The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae on the morbidity and mortality from pneumococcal meningitis in children ≤ 2 years in Brazil, from 2007 to 2012. This is a descriptive study and ecological analysis using data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases. Pre-vaccination (2007-2009) and post-vaccination (2011-2012) periods were defined to compare incidence rates and mortality. A total of 1,311 cases and 430 deaths were reported during the study period. Incidence decreased from 3.70/100,000 in 2007 to 1.84/100,000 in 2012, and mortality decreased from 1.30/100,000 to 0.40/100,000, or 50% and 69% respectively, with the greatest impact in the 6-11 month age group. This decrease in Pneumococcal meningitis morbidity and mortality rates two years after introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine suggests its effectiveness.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la vacunación contra el Streptococcus pneumoniae en la morbilidad y mortalidad de la meningitis neumocócica en niños ≤ 2 años en Brasil, 2007-2012. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo ecológico que analiza los datos del Sistema de Información Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria en Brasil. El período previo (2007-2009) y posterior a la vacunación (2011-2012) fueron examinados para comparar las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad. 1.311 casos de meningitis neumocócica con 430 muertes se registraron durante el período de estudio. Hubo una disminución de la incidencia de 3,70 casos por 100.000 habitantes en 2007, a 1,84/100.000 en 2012, mientras que la tasa de mortalidad cayó 1,30 a 0,40 óbitos/100.000, se produjeron reducciones del 50% y 69%, respectivamente, con mayores impactos identificados entre los niños de 6-11 meses de edad. Los resultados indican una reducción en la morbilidad y mortalidad por meningitis neumocócica dos años después de la introducción de la vacuna conjugada antineumocócica 10-valente, lo que sugiere su eficacia

Trace element residues in water, sediments, and organs of Savacu (Nycticorax nycticorax) from Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb) concentrations in water, sediment and organs of Savacu, Nycticorax nycticorax were analyzed. Samples of water and sediment were collected from seven stations along Sepetiba Bay, and experimental animals, also were collected in the study area. This bay receives effluents discharges from heavily industrialized and highly populated settlements. Samples of water, sediment and Savacu were processed and analyzed for heavy metals and the results showed that these concentrations in sediment were higher than in water. The exposure to metals either in the water or by the effect of bioaccumulation in the food chain is reflected in the results obtained with animals’ test

Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in children up to two years of age in Brazil

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae on the morbidity and mortality from pneumococcal meningitis in children ≤ 2 years in Brazil, from 2007 to 2012. This is a descriptive study and ecological analysis using data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases. Pre-vaccination (2007-2009) and post-vaccination (2011-2012) periods were defined to compare incidence rates and mortality. A total of 1,311 cases and 430 deaths were reported during the study period. Incidence decreased from 3.70/100,000 in 2007 to 1.84/100,000 in 2012, and mortality decreased from 1.30/100,000 to 0.40/100,000, or 50% and 69% respectively, with the greatest impact in the 6-11 month age group. This decrease in Pneumococcal meningitis morbidity and mortality rates two years after introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine suggests its effectiveness

Effectiveness of Household Disinfection Techniques to Remove SARS-CoV-2 from Cloth Masks

To assess the efficacy of washing cloth masks, we simulated SARS-CoV-2 contamination in tricoline fabric and tested decontaminants to reduce viral particles. Viral suspensions using two variants (B.1.1.28 and P.1) were inoculated in these fabrics, and the inactivation kinetics were evaluated after washing with various household disinfection products (Soap powder, Lysoform®, Hypochlorite sodium and 70% Alcohol), rinse numbers, and exposure times. Afterward, the fabrics were washed in sterile water, and viral RNA was extracted and amplified using RT-qPCR. Finally, viral replication in cell cultures was examined. Our findings show that all biocidal treatments successfully disinfected the tissue tested. Some products showed less reduction in viral loads, such as soap powder (1.60 × 104, 1.04 × 103), soap powder and Lysoform® (1.60 × 104, 1.04 × 103), and alcohol 70% (1.02 × 103, 5.91 × 101), respectively. However, when sodium hypochlorite was used, this reduction was significantly increased (viral inactivation in 100% of the washes). After the first wash, the reduction in the number of viral particles was greater for the P.1 variant than for the B.1.1.28 variant (W = 51,759, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the role of sodium hypochlorite in cloth mask disinfection may also have implications for future health emergencies as well as recommendation by WHO

Oral health studies in the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort: methodology and principal results at 15 and 24 years of age Estudo longitudinal de saúde bucal na coorte de nascidos vivos em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1982: aspectos metodológicos e resultados principais aos 15 e 24 anos de idade

The aim of this study was to describe the methodology and results of oral health studies nested in a birth cohort in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. For the oral health studies a sub-sample (n = 900) was selected from the cohort and dental examinations and interviews were performed at ages 15 (n = 888) and 24 years (n = 720; 81.1%). Data collection included dental outcomes, dental care, oral health behaviors, and use of dental services. Mean DMF-T varied from 5.1 (SD = 3.8) to 5.6 (SD = 4.1) in the study period. The proportion of individuals with at least one filled tooth increased from 51.9% to more than 70%. Individuals who had always been poor used dental services less and had fewer healthy teeth on average than those who had never been poor. Individuals with decreasing or increasing family income trajectories showed intermediate values. An increase was seen in the number of healthy teeth from age 15 to 24 only among those who had never been poor. A history of at least one experience with poverty had a negative impact on oral health in adulthood.<br>Descreveu-se a metodologia e os resultados dos estudos de saúde bucal em uma coorte de nascimentos. Em 1997, uma amostra da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, (n = 900) foi sorteada para o estudo de saúde bucal (15 anos) e os mesmos indivíduos foram novamente investigados aos 24 anos. Agravos bucais, cuidados com a saúde bucal e uso de serviços odontológicos foram avaliados. Participaram do estudo 888 adolescentes aos 15 anos e 720 (81,1%) aos 24. O índice CPO-D médio variou de 5,1 (DP = 3,8) a 5,6 (DP = 4,1) no período. Ter pelo menos um dente restaurado passou de 51,9% aos 15 anos para mais de 70% aos 24. A proporção do uso de serviços e a média de dentes saudáveis foram menores dentre os sempre pobres quando comparados àqueles nunca pobres. Indivíduos com trajetórias econômicas descendente ou ascendente tiveram valores intermediários. Aumento de dentes saudáveis dos 15 aos 24 anos foi observado apenas dentre aqueles nunca pobres. Apresentar pelo menos um episódio de pobreza ao longo da vida impactou na saúde bucal na vida adulta