Preliminary Observations on the Fauna and Flora of Eastern Shore Oyster Beds, 1960

During the period June 20 -- August 18, 1960, the writer was engaged in survey of the ecological makeup of oyster communities on both the bay side and the sea side of the two Eastern Shore counties of Virginia. Most field studies were made during the regular trips to check mortality in oyster trays at 3 sea side and 6 bay side stations. Some collections were also made during trips to examine planter\u27s beds, or on special collecting trips. Records of previous collections by Mr. H. D. Hoese are also included. Most of the material collected during the current summer has not yet been sorted out for study: this report is based on (1) Hoese\u27s records (2) my own field notes, made at the time specimens were collected, and (3) laboratory study of a few groups, mainly encrusting Bryozoa and sponges. Addenda: A brief Description of Eastern Shore Waters, with Notes on Hydrography and the Fisheries. H.D. Hoese Various observations and notes by Hopkins

The external morphology of the third and fourth zoeal stages of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun

For the past two years, workers at the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Williams- burg, have been attempting to rear larvae of the commercially important blue crab from the egg through all zoeal stages. In 1941 Dr. Margaret S. Lochhead worked out a successful method of hatching the eggs (Lochhead, Lochhead and Newcombe, 1942) and reared the larvae to the second zoea stage. During the summers of 1942 and 1943 this work was continued by Mrs. Mildred Sandoz and Miss Rosalie Rogers, who succeeded in rearing a number of individuals to the third zoea stage. The anatomy of the first and second zoeal stages was described in detail by Hopkins (1943). Churchill (1942) described five zoeal stages found in plankton tows at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Churchill\u27s first and second zoeae seem to be identi- cal with those reared from blue crab eggs at the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, but his third zoea is markedly different from the third zoea reared at this laboratory, as reported by Sandoz and Hopkins (1944). It is now realized, by the agencies concerned with regulation of the crab fishery in Chesapeake Bay, that a more detailed knowledge of the biology of the crab is needed

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42\ub74% vs 44\ub72%; absolute difference \u20131\ub769 [\u20139\ub758 to 6\ub711] p=0\ub767; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5\u20138] vs 6 [5\u20138] cm H2O; p=0\ub70011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30\ub75% vs 19\ub79%; p=0\ub70004; adjusted effect 16\ub741% [95% CI 9\ub752\u201323\ub752]; p<0\ub70001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0\ub780 [95% CI 0\ub775\u20130\ub786]; p<0\ub70001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. Funding: No funding

Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion

Letter to H.B. Stenzel from Sewell H. Hopkins on 1961-11-02

Jackson School of Geoscience

A Brief History of Project Nine of the Texas A&M Research Foundation 1947-1950

Marine Scienc