7,206 research outputs found
What is liquid? Lyapunov instability reveals symmetry-breaking irreversibilities hidden within Hamilton's many-body equations of motion
Typical Hamiltonian liquids display exponential "Lyapunov instability", also
called "sensitive dependence on initial conditions". Although Hamilton's
equations are thoroughly time-reversible, the forward and backward Lyapunov
instabilities can differ, qualitatively. In numerical work, the expected
forward/backward pairing of Lyapunov exponents is also occasionally violated.
To illustrate, we consider many-body inelastic collisions in two space
dimensions. Two mirror-image colliding crystallites can either bounce, or not,
giving rise to a single liquid drop, or to several smaller droplets, depending
upon the initial kinetic energy and the interparticle forces. The difference
between the forward and backward evolutionary instabilities of these problems
can be correlated with dissipation and with the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Accordingly, these asymmetric stabilities of Hamilton's equations can provide
an "Arrow of Time". We illustrate these facts for two small crystallites
colliding so as to make a warm liquid. We use a specially-symmetrized form of
Levesque and Verlet's bit-reversible Leapfrog integrator. We analyze
trajectories over millions of collisions with several equally-spaced time
reversals.Comment: 13 pages and 11 figures, prepared for Douglas Henderson's 80th
Birthday Symposium at Brigham Young University in August 2014 revised to
incorporate referee's suggestions as an acknowledgmen
Method for retarding dye fading during archival storage of developed color photographic film
Dye fading during archival storage of developed color photographic film is retarded by placing the film in a sealed, opaque vault, introducing a dry, pressurized inert gas into the vault while the latter is vented, and sealing the vault after the air within the vault has been purged and replaced by the inert gas. Preferably, the gas is nitrogen; and the vault is stored at a temperature below room temperature to preserve the color photographic emulsions on the film contained within the vault. For short-term storage, sodium thiocyanate pads charged with water are placed within the vault. For long term storage, the interior of the vault is kept at a low relative humidity
Extrusion die for refractory metals Patent
Development and characteristics of frusto-conical die nib for extrusion of refractory metal
Guide for extrusion dies eliminates straightening operation
To prevent distortion of extruded metal, a guidance assembly is aligned with the die. As the metal emerges from the extrusion dies, it passes directly into the receiver and straightening tube system, and the completed extrusion is withdrawn
Predation by \u3ci\u3eAchaearanea Tepidariorum\u3c/i\u3e (Araneae: Theridiidae) on \u3ci\u3eAnoplophora Glabripennis\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Anoplophora glabripennis is a large wood-boring cerambycid beetle that has recently invaded North America and Europe from Asia. We discovered the common house spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum, in large cages housing A. glabripennis on trees and confirmed the ability of A. tepidariorum to prey upon adult A. glabripennis by placing the two species together within smaller containers where they could be more easily observed. Adult A. glabripennis, up to 600% of the spiders’ body length, exceed the maximum relative size of prey previously reported for A. tepidariorum or for solitary webbuilding spiders in general
X ray microscope/telescope test and alignment
The tasks performed by the Center for Applied Optics (CAO) in support of the Normal Incidence Multilayer X-Ray Optics Program are detailed. The Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array (MSSTA) was launched on a Terrier-boosted Black Brant sounding rocket from White Sands Missile Range on 13 May 1991. High resolution images of the sun in the soft x ray to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) regime were obtained with normal-incidence Cassegrain, Ritchey-Chretien, and Herschelian telescopes mounted in the sounding rocket. MSSTA represents the first use of multilayer optics to study a very broad range of x ray and EUV solar emissions. Energy-selective properties of multilayer-coated optics allow distinct groups of emission lines to be isolated in the solar corona and transition region. Features of the near and far coronal structures including magnetic loops of plasmas, coronal plumes, coronal holes, faint structures, and cool prominences are visible in these images. MSSTA successfully obtained unprecedented information regarding the structure and dynamics of the solar atmosphere in the temperature range of 10(exp 4)-10(exp 7) K. The performance of the MSSTA has demonstrated a unique combination of ultra-high spatial resolution and spectral differentiation by use of multilayer optics
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