The effect of the constitutional relations between Scotland and England on their conflict of laws relations: a Scottish perspective

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the effect of the changing constitutional relationship between Scotland and England on the Scottish approach to conflicts of law with an English element (i.e., competitions of jurisdiction between Scots and English courts; cases in which both Scots and English law have a claim to application; and recognition and enforcement of English court orders in Scotland). A historical perspective is obtained by brief study of the period prior to parliamentary union. Once united in one political state, the constitutionalising of conflicts, the internalising of conflicts, and the use of international private law rules, are three ways in which conflicts of law within that state might be handled. The extent to which each of these methods has influenced the Scottish approach to intra-UK conflicts, and the effect of devolution on each, is examined. The availability to Scots courts of public policy objections in respect of English law is also investigated. The context of the Anglo-Scottish relationship changed with UK entry into the (now) European Union, and the effect of that on intra-UK conflict rules is considered. The conclusion is that the nature of the constitutional relationship between Scotland and England impacts upon the handling in Scotland of conflicts of law with an English element. The parliamentary union may not have resulted in wide-spread constitutionalisation of conflicts, but there has been a degree of internalisation of conflicts. In general, however, the interaction of the constitutional relationship between Scotland and England and its private law consequences has permitted, indeed sometimes necessitated, the use (in certain areas) of Scottish international private law rules without differentiation between intra-UK, and international, conflicts

BERA-TACTYC Early Childhood Research Review 2003-2017

BERA/TACTYC Review of Early Childhood Education and Care in the UK, 2003-2017 has involved a wide range of early childhood specialists, both in the early consultation stages, and in writing the five main sections of the Review. Teams of authors and their reference groups came together from TACTYC – the Association for Professional Development in Early Years, and the BERA Early Childhood Education and Care SIG. Using specific questions to interrogate the literature, each team worked on one of five main themes: Professionalism; Parenting and Family; Play and Pedagogy; Learning, Development and Curriculum, and Assessment and School Readiness. These themes are contextualised within broad policy issues in the UK. The Introduction shows the working methods for the Review, and the Conclusion brings together key messages and suggestions for future research. We hope that the Review will prove useful to a range of early childhood specialists, including students, researchers, practitioners, policy makers and teachers in further and higher education. We intend to create a User Review that will be aimed at practitioners and to engage other stakeholders in current trends and debates. The Review is being launched at a time of change and uncertainty within early childhood education and care, and we hope that the Review will provide a focal point for discussions about future directions in the four UK policy frameworks, the importance of research, and how we use research evidence to inform provision and practice

Nurturing Leadership from the Bottom Up: Supporting Leadership and Career Aspirations for Sessional Staff

The higher education experience both shapes the academics' and students' capacity and motivation to contribute to the world as ethical, compassionate and civic-minded global citizens. Western Sydney University has a firm commitment to gender equity embedded into its mission statement. In this report, we demonstrate ways that WSU can fulfill this commitment and can lead the way in creating a socially just and ecologically responsible social transformation by supporting and nurturing leadership and career aspirations of casual staff

Supplement 20, Part 3, Parasite-Subject Catalogue: Parasites: Trematoda and Cestoda

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industr

Daily morphine injection and withdrawal disrupt 24-h wheel running and PERIOD2 expression patterns in the rat limbic forebrain

Symptoms of opiate withdrawal include disturbances in circadian rhythms. Here, we examined in male Wistar rats the effects of a daily, mid-morning morphine injection (5-40mg/kg, i.p.) and the subsequent withdrawal of morphine on 24-h patterns of wheel running and expression of the clock protein, PERIOD2 (PER2), in the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and regions of the limbic forebrain. Rats were killed either within 24 h of the last morphine injection or 2 days later. Nighttime wheel running was suppressed during daily morphine injections and following the withdrawal of morphine. Daily morphine injections and their subsequent withdrawal did not affect PER2 expression in the SCN, but blunted the normal daily peak of PER2 in the dorsal striatum, oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTov), central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG). We then examined the effect of injecting the D2/3 dopamine agonist, quinpirole (1 mg/kg, i.p.), or the alpha 2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), two drugs that alleviate opiate withdrawal symptoms, following withdrawal of the daily morphine injection. Quinpirole restored the daily PER2 pattern in the BNSTov and CEA, whereas clonidine restored and entrained a new PER2 pattern in the striatum, BLA, and DG. Together, these findings suggest that disruption of daily PER2 patterns in the forebrain might contribute to the circadian symptoms observed in opiate withdrawal. Furthermore, pharmacological treatments for withdrawal can restore PER2 patterns in regions of the limbic forebrain

Perspectives and limitations of gene expression profiling in rheumatology: new molecular strategies

The deciphering of the sequence of the human genome has raised the expectation of unravelling the specific role of each gene in physiology and pathology. High-throughput technologies for gene expression profiling provide the first practical basis for applying this information. In rheumatology, with its many diseases of unknown pathogenesis and puzzling inflammatory aspects, these advances appear to promise a significant advance towards the identification of leading mechanisms of pathology. Expression patterns reflect the complexity of the molecular processes and are expected to provide the molecular basis for specific diagnosis, therapeutic stratification, long-term monitoring and prognostic evaluation. Identification of the molecular networks will help in the discovery of appropriate drug targets, and permit focusing on the most effective and least toxic compounds. Current limitations in screening technologies, experimental strategies and bioinformatic interpretation will shortly be overcome by the rapid development in this field. However, gene expression profiling, by its nature, will not provide biochemical information on functional activities of proteins and might only in part reflect underlying genetic dysfunction. Genomic and proteomic technologies will therefore be complementary in their scientific and clinical application

Association Between Medication Adherence and the Outcomes of Heart Failure

Background Previous studies of heart failure patients have demonstrated an association between cardiovascular medication adherence and hospitalizations or a composite end point of hospitalization and death. Few studies have assessed the impact of treatment adherence within large general medical populations that distinguish the health outcomes of emergency department visits, hospitalization, and death. Objective To determine the association of incremental cardiovascular medication adherence on emergency department visits, hospitalization, and death in adult heart failure patients in Indiana. Design Retrospective cohort study conducted using electronic health record data from the statewide Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC) between 2004 and 2009. Methods Patients were at least 18 years of age with a diagnosis of heart failure and prescribed at least one cardiovascular medication for heart failure. Adherence was measured as the proportion of days covered (PDC) using pharmacy transaction data. Clinical end points included emergency department visits, hospital admissions, length of hospital stay, and mortality. Generalized linear models were used to determine the effect of a 10% increase in PDC on clinical end points adjusting for age, sex, race, Charlson comorbidity index, and medications. Results Electronic health records were available for 55,312 patients (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] 68 ± 16 years; 54% women; 65% white). Mean PDC for all heart failure medications was 63% ± 23%. For every 10% increase in PDC, emergency department visits decreased 11% (rate ratio [RR] 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89‐0.89), hospital admissions decreased 6% (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.94‐0.94), total length of hospital stay decreased 1% (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.99‐1.00), and all‐cause mortality decreased 9% (odds ratio 0.91; 95% CI 0.90‐0.92). Conclusion Incremental medication adherence was associated with reductions in emergency department visits, hospital admissions, length of hospital stay, and all‐cause mortality