Gingival Recession, Oral Hygiene and Associated Factors Among Tanzanian Women.

Females are generally more motivated with regard to oral hygiene practices and thus brush their teeth more frequently than males. To determine the prevalence of gingival recession, oral hygiene status, oral hygiene practices and associated factors in women attending a maternity ward in Tanzania. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Maternity ward of Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania. Four hundred and forty six women were interviewed on oral hygiene practices and maternal factors, and a full-mouth examination was done to determine the presence of plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and gingival recession at six sites per tooth. The prevalence of gingival recession (GR) > or =1 mm was 33.6%, calculus 99.3%, plaque 100%, and gingival bleeding 100%. Oral hygiene practices included toothbrushing (98.9%), brushing frequency > or =2 times/day (61.2%), horizontal brushing method (98%), and using a plastic toothbrush (97.8%). Factors that were significantly associated with gingival recession were age (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.2), presence of calculus (OR(a) = 3.8, 95% CI=2.5-7.1), and gingival bleeding on probing (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 2.5-7.1). Tooth cleaning practices and maternal factors, especially the number of pregnancies or deliveries were not significantly associated with gingival recession. In this study population, oral hygiene was poor and gingival recession was associated with age, calculus and gingival inflammation rather than with tooth cleaning practices

GINGIVAL RECESSION, ORAL HYGIENE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG TANZANIAN WOMEN

Background: Females are generally more motivated with regard to oral hygiene practices andthus brush their teeth more frequently than males.Objective: To determine the prevalence of gingival recession, oral hygiene status, oral hygienepractices and associated factors in women attending a maternity ward in Tanzania.Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study.Setting: Maternity ward of Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania.Subjects: Four hundred and forty six women were interviewed on oral hygiene practicesand maternal factors, and a full-mouth examination was done to determine the presence ofplaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and gingival recession at six sites per tooth.Results: The prevalence of gingival recession (GR) > 1mm was 33.6%, calculus 99.3%,plaque 100%, and gingival bleeding 100%. Oral hygiene practices included toothbrushing(98.9%), brushing frequency >2 times/day (61.2%), horizontal brushing method (98%), andusing a plastic toothbrush (97.8%). Factors that were significantly associated with gingivalrecession were age (ORa=2.0, 95% CI=1.3-3.2), presence of calculus (ORa=3.8, 95% CI=2.5-7.1),and gingival bleeding on probing (ORa=4.2, 95% CI=2.5-7.1). Tooth cleaning practices andmaternal factors, especially the number of pregnancies or deliveries were not significantlyassociated with gingival recession.Conclusion: In this study population, oral hygiene was poor and gingival recession wasassociated with age, calculus and gingival inflammation rather than with tooth cleaningpractices

The effect of surface relaxation on the N-2 dissociation rate on stepped Ru: A Transition State Theory Study

van Harrevelt R, Honkala K, Norskov JK, Manthe U. The effect of surface relaxation on the N2 dissociation rate on stepped Ru: A Transition State Theory Study. Journal of Chemical Physics. 2006;124(2):026102: 026102

The reaction rate for dissociative adsorption of N-2 on stepped Ru(0001): Six-dimensional quantum calculations

van Harrevelt R, Honkala K, Norskov JK, Manthe U. The reaction rate for dissociative adsorption of N2 on stepped Ru(0001): Six-dimensional quantum calculations. Journal of Chemical Physics. 2005;122(23): 234702.Quantum-mechanical calculations of the reaction rate for dissociative adsorption of N-2 on stepped Ru(0001) are presented. Converged six-dimensional quantum calculations for this heavy-atom reaction have been performed using the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method. A potential-energy surface for the transition-state region is constructed from density-functional theory calculations using Shepard interpolation. The quantum results are in very good agreement with the results of the harmonic transition-state theory. In contrast to the findings of previous model calculations on similar systems, the tunneling effect is found to be small. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics

Cross-cultural differences of self-reported oral health behaviour in Japanese and Finnish dental students

Objective: To determine whether any differences existed in dental health behaviour between Japanese and Finnish dental students. Setting: Hiroshima University School of Dentistry and the University of Helsinki. Design: Comparison of cross-cultural differences of self-reported oral health behaviour. Subjects: Dental students, 337 in Japan and 113 in Finland. Method: Subjects were surveyed using the Japanese and Finnish versions of a 20-item questionnaire entitled Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI). Results: Only 2 per cent of Finnish students reported that they put off going to the dentist until they had toothache, compared to 56 per cent of Japanese students. Similarly, significantly more Japanese students thought that their teeth were getting worse despite their daily brushing, compared to their Finnish peers. The mean HU-DBI score of Year 1 Finnish students was higher than that of their Japanese peers, which suggested a higher level of dental health awareness in Finnish students upon entry into dental school. The mean scores of the Japanese students were lower than those of their Finnish peers until Year 3. The mean scores of Year 5 and Year 6 Japanese students were higher than that of Year 1 students, indicating raised self-care levels influenced by the course in preventive dentistry. The gender difference of the HU-DBI score was not a major feature in either country. Conclusions: Self-reported oral health behaviours seemed to be very different between the two countries, which reflected different culture and/or health education systems of the students

Don't be rejected, how can we help authors, reviewers and editors?:Report of a Symposium for Editors Publishers and Others with an Interest in Scientific Publication, Held in Boston on Wednesday, 11 March 2015, during the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research

This satellite symposium was the fifth in a series for editors, publishers, reviewers and all those with an interest in scientific publishing. It was held on Wednesday, 11 March 2015 at the IADR meeting in Boston, Massachusetts. The symposium attracted more than 210 attendees. The symposium placed an emphasis on strategies to ensure that papers are accepted by peer reviewed journals. The speaker, representing the Journal of Dental Research gave a history of peer review and explained how to access material to advise new authors. The speaker from India outlined the problems that occur when there is no culture for dental research and it is given a low priority in dental education. He outlined remedies. The speaker from SAGE publications described the help that publishers and editors can provide authors. The final speaker suggested that in developing countries it was essential to create alliances with dental researchers in developed countries and that local conferences to which external speakers were invited, stimulated research both in terms of quantity and quality. A wide ranging discussion then took place

Enumeration and Decidable Properties of Automatic Sequences

We show that various aspects of k-automatic sequences -- such as having an unbordered factor of length n -- are both decidable and effectively enumerable. As a consequence it follows that many related sequences are either k-automatic or k-regular. These include many sequences previously studied in the literature, such as the recurrence function, the appearance function, and the repetitivity index. We also give some new characterizations of the class of k-regular sequences. Many results extend to other sequences defined in terms of Pisot numeration systems

Risk-based early prevention in comparison with routine prevention of dental caries: a 7-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial; clinical and economic aspects

BACKGROUND: The results in an earlier study with 2–5-year-old children indicated that, in comparison with conventional prevention, a risk-based prevention programme was effective in reducing dental caries in a low-caries community. The aim of the present study was to examine the clinical and economic findings seven years after the cessation of the targeted programme, from the perspective of public health care. METHODS: The present material was collected from the dental records of the public health care centres, and included all dental visits after the 5-year examination until the 12-year examination. The groups were compared in relation to clinically detected caries at the age of 12 years, the number of dental visits needed from 5 to 12 years of age, and the estimation of running costs during these years. Statistical analyses included univariate analysis of variance, and calculation of absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat (NNT) values. RESULTS: At the age of 12 years, DMF was significantly related to the risk category determined ten years earlier, in both study groups. In the risk-based group, the absolute risk reduction for caries in permanent dentition was 0.13 (95% confidence interval 0.06 – 0.21), and the associated NNT value was 8 (95% confidence interval 5 – 17). The total number of preventive, as well as restorative visits was lower in the risk-based than in the routine prevention group. The findings indicate that early risk-based prevention can be correctly targeted, clinically effective, and economically profitable also from the long-term point of view. CONCLUSION: Early prevention of dental caries also has long-term benefits in a 7-year follow-up perspective. This seems to hold true as regards targeting, as well as clinical and economic effectiveness. Success in risk-based prevention enables successful work division, and consequently, economic effectiveness

Nitrides as ammonia synthesis catalysts and as potential nitrogen transfer reagents

In this article, an overview of the application of selected metal nitrides as ammonia synthesis catalysts is presented. The potential development of some systems into nitrogen transfer reagents is also described

Impact of polyols on Oral microbiome of Estonian schoolchildren

BackgroundOral microbiome has significant impact on both oral and general health. Polyols have been promoted as sugar substitutes in prevention of oral diseases. We aimed to reveal the effect of candies containing erythritol, xylitol or control (sorbitol) on salivary microbiome.MethodsNinety children (11.30.6years) consumed candies during 3years. Microbial communities were profiled using Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing and real-time PCR.ResultsThe dominant phyla in saliva were Firmicutes (39.1%), Proteobacteria (26.1%), Bacteroidetes (14.7%), Actinobacteria (12%) and Fusobacteria (6%). The microbiome of erythritol group significantly differed from that of the other groups. Both erythritol and xylitol reduced the number of observed bacterial phylotypes in comparison to the control group. The relative abundance of the genera Veillonella, Streptococcus and Fusobacterium were higher while that of Bergeyella lower after erythritol intervention when comparing with control. The lowest prevalence of caries-related mutans streptococci corresponded with the lowest clinical caries markers in the erythritol group.ConclusionsDaily consumption of erythritol, xylitol or control candies has a specific influence on the salivary microbiome composition in schoolchildren. Erythritol is associated with the lowest prevalence of caries-related mutans streptococci and the lowest levels of clinical caries experience.Trial registration p id=Par5 ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01062633