Energy Consumption, Manufacturing Output and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach

The study investigates the short and long run relationship between energy consumption (DEN), manufacturing output (MG) and economic growth (EG), in Pakistan by applying ARDL bound testing approach. The time series employed is covering the period from 1981 to 2014. With Error Correction Model, our findings exhibit that both energy consumption and manufacturing output has established a positive long run relationship with economic growth. Moreover, by using the granger causality, the results provide the unidirectional causal relationship between manufacturing output and economic growth whereas, a bidirectional causality has been found between energy consumption and manufacturing output. The study implicates that Pakistan needs to enhance the capacity of the energy sector for the efficacy of the manufacturing productivity leading to economic growth. Since, Pakistan is facing an energy shortfall it is necessary for the policy makers to take restructuring of energy sector into account, including capacity enhancement while considering environment and eco-friendly renewable energy sources. Keywords: Manufacturing output, energy consumption, economic growth, ARDL bound testing, Granger causality. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-6-03 Publication date:March 31st 201

Technological Innovation, Trade Openness, CO2 Emission and Economic Growth: Comparative Analysis between China and India

China and India are the two biggest transitional and developing economies of Asia but remains in the two distinct separate stages of structural change, technological innovation, trade, energy use, economic growth as well as differences in culture and religious beliefs. The aim of this study is to examine and compare the long and short-run relationships between Technological innovation, Trade openness, CO2 emission and Economic growth of China and India over the period of 1974–2016. We have utilized the ARDL Bounds Test methodology and Toda- Yamamoto Granger Causality test. The obtained results revealed that Technological innovation, Trade openness and CO2 emission have a significant positive impact on Economic growth in the long-run but mixed effect in the short-run in China. For India, On the other hand, Trade openness and CO2 emission have a significant positive impact in the long-run but CO2 emission has a negative impact in the short-run on Economic growth. Technological innovation is not significant in the long-run and both Technological innovation and Trade openness are not significant on Economic growth for India in the short-run. The Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test reveals that bi-directional causality is running between Economic growth and Trade openness, between Technological innovation and CO2 emissions as well as a unidirectional causality is running from Technological innovation and CO2 emissions to Trade openness for China. On the other hand, our obtained results express that there is a unidirectional causality running from Economic growth, Technological innovation and Trade openness to CO2 emissions as well as from Technological innovation to Trade openness for India. The results obtained from this empirical analysis have an important policy implication for China and India. Keywords: Technological innovation, Trade openness, CO2 emission, Economic growth, ARDL, Toda- Yamamoto Granger Causality, China and India JEL Classifications: F43, O11, O33, O57, Q43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.717

Effects of export and technology on economic growth: Selected emerging Asian economies

Recent studies regarding the impacts of technology spillover and international trade have gained momentum in the emerging economies. Empirical evidences show that some countries gain and other loss to grasp the opportunities of international trade and technological innovation to compete in the global market. This paper examines the effect of export and technology on the economic performance of emerging Asian countries, using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model between the periods 2000–2016. Following the Solow economic growth model, the result identifies a positive and significant effect of export and technology on the economic growth of the emerging Asian economies. Similarly, the long-run estimation ascertains the significant and positive impacts of trade and technology on the economic growth of the countries. The results are robust using alternative dynamic panel models, representing the pivotal role of export and technology to the economic growth of the countries. Thus, we recommend policymakers to device attractive policies that can enhance the advancement of technology and trade to maintain sustained economic growth. This would also fasten the internationalisation process and enable to compete efficiently in the global markets in terms of quality of exports and standardisation

Armature MMF and electromagnetic performance analysis of dual three-phase 10-pole/24-slot permanent magnet synchronous machine

Fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machines (FSCW-PMSMs) have a good prospect of application in the drive system of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. However, the armature magnetomotive force (MMF) of FSCWPMSM contains a large number of space harmonics, which induce large magnet eddycurrent loss (ECL). To solve this problem, a dual three-phase 10-pole and 24-slot winding layout is proposed.MMFharmonic analysis shows that the 1st, 7th and 17th space-harmonic winding factors of the proposed winding can be reduced by 100%, 87% and 87% respectively, compared with a dual three-phase 10-pole and 12-slot winding. Electromagnetic performances of the proposed machine under rated sinusoidal current supply and space vector pulse-width-modulated (SVPWM) voltage supply are investigated based on 2D finite-element analysis. It is shown that the proposed machine can meet the requirement of torque and efficiency in the full speed range. Especially, magnet ECL can be reduced greatly due to the reduction of the 7th and 17th space harmonics

In search of determinants of FDI backward spillovers: a meta-analysis

Drawing on a unique dataset of 694 estimates from 24 studies on foreign direct investment backward productivity spillovers in China, our prime objective is to investigate determinants of backward spillovers from foreign direct investment using Bayesian Model Averaging based Meta-Analysis. Our results suggest that backward spillovers vary across firm attributes, including the ownership structure of foreign firms, the origin of foreign firms, market orientation of foreign firms, the ownership structure of local firms and the technological levels of local firms. For instance, export-orientated foreign firms generate largest benefits of backward spillovers for the domestic economy among firm attributes

The role of small town in household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas

There is a high expectation that urban-rural linkage in general and the function of small towns, in particular, has a great role in livelihood diversification and poverty reduction in rural areas than sectoral development. However, the previous empirical studies give little attention to the function of small towns and the livelihood diversification of rural communities. We analyze the function of a small town and participating in non-farm economic activities from a rural farm household survey of 371 farmer household heads in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. The study found that rural households who have road access have likely participated in none-farm activities and it has positive and significant effects. Education and FHH has also a significant relationship with the function of a small town. Distance from the small town has a significant and positive impact on the non-farm economic activities of rural communities. Overall, benefits from the function of small towns such as the provision of road access, agricultural extension, financial credit services, administrative services, educational and health services are some of the provisions of a small town. Therefore, a comprehensive integrated urban-rural linkage strategy could empower rural farm smallholders to diversify their livelihoods through strengthening small town functions is mandatory. The role of small towns needs to be integrated into rural communities. Participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large.

Does credit access matter for household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia? : An evidence from logistic regression model

This study examines the effect of credit access on both agricultural and off-farm activities based on a household survey of 371 rural farmer respondents in Ethiopia.it was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. Findings demonstrated that the demographic factors; gender, age, level of education, and family size have a positive and significant effect on credit access. Agricultural credit access is impacted by each of the demographic variables as independent variables. On the other hand, the result indicated that the relationship between credit access and non-farm economic activities has a negative relationship. Credit access has a significant effect on agricultural intensification and specialization rather than diversification. Therefore, a comprehensive policy and strategy needs for credit access in both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The Ethiopian government should follow the integration policy between both sectors and participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large

Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

Our pioneer study is aimed at investigating the role of the service sector in affecting sustainable environment in Pakistan. Using time series data over 1971–2014 and applying an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model with structural break analysis, we establish a long-term equilibrium relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with energy consumption, income level, services and trade openness. Our findings support a service-induced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Pakistan. The income level sharply raises environmental degradation at the early stage; however, after reaching a certain threshold, it improves environmental quality but at a lower rate. There exists an inverted U-shaped nexus between services and CO2 emissions, which implies that the service sector is less energy-intensive in terms of mitigating pollution in Pakistan. Moreover, the energy consumption has an inverted U-shaped effect on carbon emissions, which implies energy efficiencies and adoption of renewable energy has reduced pollution in the long run. The trade openness increases CO2 emissions in both the short term and long term. The quadratic term of income level has a negatively inelastic impact on CO2 emissions, which implies a very slow rate of improvement in environmental quality. On the other hand, the quadratic term of services shows a highly elastic impact on pollution, which induces the EKC hypothesis. Our robustness checks such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (OLS), and Toda and Yamamoto (TY) causality tests further confirm the existence of the service-induced EKC hypothesis in Pakistan. Moreover, there exists a unidirectional causality from energy consumption to CO2 emissions, a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions, and a unidirectional causal linkage between services and CO2 emissions. Lastly, we discuss certain policy implications for designing appropriate environmental and energy policies to mitigate the pollution in Pakistan

Does gender matter for household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas?

Nowadays, the non-farm sector gives more attention and high expectations in reducing poverty in sub-Saharan African. Because participation of farm households in the none-farm sector out of their farm activities will play a great role to reduce poverty. Cross-sectional data were used to collect data in 2020 from farm household heads of 371 respondents with the mixed methodology to investigate the effect of demographic factors in none/off-farm economic activities on gender perspective in Ethiopia. In this study, we employ a Logistic regression model to explore the probabilities of household heads' participation in none/off-farm economic activities out of their farm. The result indicated, age and education level have a positive effect and statistically significant effect on increasing non-farm activities with the coefficients of 3.406, 1.956 respectively, confirmed that these variables should take into account in policy development to increase their impact on livelihood diversification. And Gender has a negatively significant on livelihood diversification. FHH is more participants in non-farm economic activities than MHH. Credit access does not contribute to increasing livelihood diversification instead; it contributes to agricultural specialization, not diversification. Surprisingly, family size has insignificant results in non-farm economic activities The outcome indicated it has its implications for the Ethiopian policy and strategy. The government should give more attention to the progressive aspects of non-farm economic activities to eradicate poverty. Whereas, decreasing its negative impact on poorer households by controlling obstacles of non-farm activities

Vaporization model of MgCl2-CaCl2 binary melts in fluidized bed

The present study investigated the vaporization kinetics of MgCl2, CaCl2 and their binary melts in a fluidized bed at 1073-1273 K, and developed a vaporization model for the binary melts to explore the possibility of achieving enhanced vaporization rate for the feedstock containing CaO greater than 0.2 wt%. The vaporization rate constant of MgCl2 is more than seven times than that of CaCl2 at 1273 K. The vaporization rate of the binary melt was significantly affected by the composition, a small quantity of CaCl2 can remarkably deteriorate the overall vaporization rate. Experimental results coincide well with the numerical simulation by the vaporization model which regards the evolution of vaporization rate with melts composition. A correlation between the necessary operation temperature and the CaO/(CaO + MgO) of the feedstock was proposed. Predictions reveal that a similar vaporization rate for 0.2 wt%-0.4 wt% CaO content feedstock with 0.2 wt% could be achieved at lower than 1365 K. (C) 2016 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.</p