Genome-wide identification of cystathionine beta synthase genes in wheat and its relationship with anther male sterility under heat stress

Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) domains containing proteins (CDCPs) plays an important role in plant development through regulation of the thioredoxin system, as well as its ability to respond to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Despite this, no systematic study has examined the wheat CBS gene family and its relation to high temperature-induced male sterility. In this study, 66 CBS family members were identified in the wheat genome, and their gene or protein sequences were used for subsequent analysis. The TaCBS gene family was found to be unevenly distributed on 21 chromosomes, and they were classified into four subgroups according to their gene structure and phylogeny. The results of collinearity analysis showed that there were 25 shared orthologous genes between wheat, rice and Brachypodium distachyon, and one shared orthologous gene between wheat, millet and barley. The cis-regulatory elements of the TaCBS were related to JA, IAA, MYB, etc. GO and KEGG pathway analysis identified these TaCBS genes to be associated with pollination, reproduction, and signaling and cellular processes, respectively. A heatmap of wheat plants based on transcriptome data showed that TaCBS genes were expressed to a higher extent in spikelets relative to other tissues. In addition, 29 putative tae-miRNAs were identified, targeting 41 TaCBS genes. Moreover, qRT-PCR validation of six TaCBS genes indicated their critical role in anther development, as five of them were expressed at lower levels in heat-stressed male sterile anthers than in Normal anthers. Together with anther phenotypes, paraffin sections, starch potassium iodide staining, and qRT-PCR data, we hypothesized that the TaCBS gene has a very important connection with the heat-stressed sterility process in wheat, and these data provide a basis for further insight into their relationship

A Location–Time-Aware Factorization Machine Based on Fuzzy Set Theory for Game Perception

Game user perception is of great significance for game developers and network operators for improving service quality and operational efficiency. At present, the most common approach is to use the linear model that considers only the impact of network factors evaluation on user perception. The interpretation process is complex and useful, but invisible feature interaction data are not taken into account. As a result, user perception evaluation can only be interpreted by experienced experts, which is both time-consuming and laborious. In this paper, aiming at the shortcomings of existing algorithms, a location–time-aware factorization machine model (LTFM) is proposed by exploiting the location projection and time projection of users and services and fuzzy set theory. Our proposed LTFM can be decomposed into two parts: first, an original game quality of experience (QoE) dataset is extended. LTFM uses location and time information to map to latent vectors, which increases the number of records in each game data, involving no additional information. Then, LTFM utilizes fuzzy set theory to strengthen the positive feature interactions and reduce the negative feature interactions. The factorization machine is used to mine a number of potential features in the user’s invoking service behavior. The multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game perception dataset is obtained with reference to the ITU-T standard to verify the advanced nature of the proposed model. Experimental results show that LTFM outperforms existing algorithms in terms of prediction accuracy and model interpretability. Not only can accurate user experience quality categories be produced, but also the impact of individual characteristics and their feature interactions can be explained, which helps operators to make better optimization decisions

A Location–Time-Aware Factorization Machine Based on Fuzzy Set Theory for Game Perception

Game user perception is of great significance for game developers and network operators for improving service quality and operational efficiency. At present, the most common approach is to use the linear model that considers only the impact of network factors evaluation on user perception. The interpretation process is complex and useful, but invisible feature interaction data are not taken into account. As a result, user perception evaluation can only be interpreted by experienced experts, which is both time-consuming and laborious. In this paper, aiming at the shortcomings of existing algorithms, a location–time-aware factorization machine model (LTFM) is proposed by exploiting the location projection and time projection of users and services and fuzzy set theory. Our proposed LTFM can be decomposed into two parts: first, an original game quality of experience (QoE) dataset is extended. LTFM uses location and time information to map to latent vectors, which increases the number of records in each game data, involving no additional information. Then, LTFM utilizes fuzzy set theory to strengthen the positive feature interactions and reduce the negative feature interactions. The factorization machine is used to mine a number of potential features in the user’s invoking service behavior. The multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game perception dataset is obtained with reference to the ITU-T standard to verify the advanced nature of the proposed model. Experimental results show that LTFM outperforms existing algorithms in terms of prediction accuracy and model interpretability. Not only can accurate user experience quality categories be produced, but also the impact of individual characteristics and their feature interactions can be explained, which helps operators to make better optimization decisions

An Experimental Study on the Macroscopic Spray Characteristics of Biodiesel and Diesel in a Constant Volume Chamber

The objective of this study was to investigate the macroscopic spray characteristics of different 0%–100% blends of biodiesel derived from drainage oil and diesel (BD0, BD20, BD50, BD80, BD100), such as spray tip penetration, average tip velocity at penetration, spray angle, average spray angle, spray evolution process, spray area and spray volume under different injection pressures (60, 70, 80, 90, 100 MPa) and ambient pressures (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 MPa) using a common rail system equipped with a constant volume chamber. The characteristic data was extracted from spray images grabbed by a high speed visualization system. The results showed that the ambient pressure and injection pressure had significant effects on the spray characteristics. As the ambient pressure increased, the spray angle increased, while the spray tip penetration and the peak of average tip velocity decreased. As the injection pressure increased, the spray tip penetration, spray angle, spray area and spray volume increased. The increasing blend ratio of biodiesel brought about a shorter spray tip penetration and a smaller spray angle compared with those of diesel. This is due to the comparatively higher viscosity and surface tension of biodiesel, which enhanced the friction effect between fuel and the injector nozzle surface and inhibited the breakup of the liquid jet

Table_1_Genome-wide identification of cystathionine beta synthase genes in wheat and its relationship with anther male sterility under heat stress.xlsx

Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) domains containing proteins (CDCPs) plays an important role in plant development through regulation of the thioredoxin system, as well as its ability to respond to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Despite this, no systematic study has examined the wheat CBS gene family and its relation to high temperature-induced male sterility. In this study, 66 CBS family members were identified in the wheat genome, and their gene or protein sequences were used for subsequent analysis. The TaCBS gene family was found to be unevenly distributed on 21 chromosomes, and they were classified into four subgroups according to their gene structure and phylogeny. The results of collinearity analysis showed that there were 25 shared orthologous genes between wheat, rice and Brachypodium distachyon, and one shared orthologous gene between wheat, millet and barley. The cis-regulatory elements of the TaCBS were related to JA, IAA, MYB, etc. GO and KEGG pathway analysis identified these TaCBS genes to be associated with pollination, reproduction, and signaling and cellular processes, respectively. A heatmap of wheat plants based on transcriptome data showed that TaCBS genes were expressed to a higher extent in spikelets relative to other tissues. In addition, 29 putative tae-miRNAs were identified, targeting 41 TaCBS genes. Moreover, qRT-PCR validation of six TaCBS genes indicated their critical role in anther development, as five of them were expressed at lower levels in heat-stressed male sterile anthers than in Normal anthers. Together with anther phenotypes, paraffin sections, starch potassium iodide staining, and qRT-PCR data, we hypothesized that the TaCBS gene has a very important connection with the heat-stressed sterility process in wheat, and these data provide a basis for further insight into their relationship.</p

Presentation_1_Genome-wide identification of cystathionine beta synthase genes in wheat and its relationship with anther male sterility under heat stress.pptx

Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) domains containing proteins (CDCPs) plays an important role in plant development through regulation of the thioredoxin system, as well as its ability to respond to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Despite this, no systematic study has examined the wheat CBS gene family and its relation to high temperature-induced male sterility. In this study, 66 CBS family members were identified in the wheat genome, and their gene or protein sequences were used for subsequent analysis. The TaCBS gene family was found to be unevenly distributed on 21 chromosomes, and they were classified into four subgroups according to their gene structure and phylogeny. The results of collinearity analysis showed that there were 25 shared orthologous genes between wheat, rice and Brachypodium distachyon, and one shared orthologous gene between wheat, millet and barley. The cis-regulatory elements of the TaCBS were related to JA, IAA, MYB, etc. GO and KEGG pathway analysis identified these TaCBS genes to be associated with pollination, reproduction, and signaling and cellular processes, respectively. A heatmap of wheat plants based on transcriptome data showed that TaCBS genes were expressed to a higher extent in spikelets relative to other tissues. In addition, 29 putative tae-miRNAs were identified, targeting 41 TaCBS genes. Moreover, qRT-PCR validation of six TaCBS genes indicated their critical role in anther development, as five of them were expressed at lower levels in heat-stressed male sterile anthers than in Normal anthers. Together with anther phenotypes, paraffin sections, starch potassium iodide staining, and qRT-PCR data, we hypothesized that the TaCBS gene has a very important connection with the heat-stressed sterility process in wheat, and these data provide a basis for further insight into their relationship.</p

Identification and characterization of the CRK gene family in the wheat genome and analysis of their expression profile in response to high temperature-induced male sterility

Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) play many important roles during plant development, including defense responses under both biotic and abiotic stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, callose deposition and programmed cell death (PCD). However, there are few studies on the involvement of the CRK family in male sterility due to heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, a genome-wide characterization of the CRK family was performed to investigate the structural and functional attributes of the wheat CRKs in anther sterility caused by heat stress. A total of 95 CRK genes were unevenly distributed on 18 chromosomes, with the most genes distributed on chromosome 2B. Paralogous homologous genes with Ka/Ks ratios less than 1 may have undergone strong purifying selection during evolution and are more functionally conserved. The collinearity analysis results of CRK genes showed that wheat and Arabidopsis (A. thaliana), foxtail millet, Brachypodium distachyon (B. distachyon), and rice have three, 12, 15, and 11 pairs of orthologous genes, respectively. In addition, the results of the network interactions of genes and miRNAs showed that five miRNAs were in the hub of the interactions map, namely tae-miR9657b-5p, tae-miR9780, tae-miR9676-5p, tae-miR164, and tae-miR531. Furthermore, qRT-PCR validation of the six TaCRK genes showed that they play key roles in the development of the mononuclear stage anthers, as all six genes were expressed at highly significant levels in heat-stressed male sterile mononuclear stage anthers compared to normal anthers. We hypothesized that the TaCRK gene is significant in the process of high-temperature-induced sterility in wheat based on the combination of anther phenotypes, paraffin sections, and qRT-PCR data. These results improve our understanding of their relationship