Understanding the Visitation Aspect of Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) in the Long Period at Nakdong Estuary, Busan, Republic of Korea

AbstractThis study analyzes data in the first half of 1990 (May, 1989 - April, 1993) and mid-2000 (May, 2002 - April, 2006) to understand long-term status of black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) in the estuary of the Nakdong River under rapid changes. During the period (May, 1989 - April, 1993 and May, 2002 - April, 2003 for a total of 8 years), a total of 201,519 individuals of Laridae were discovered at the estuary and the number of the black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) was 32,538 (16.15%). Monthly average of the black-headed gulls showed that there were just a small number of individuals arrived in July and August, but the number increased from September, reached the highest in April for the first term (1989 - 1993). The second term showed that some individuals were discovered in summer (June - August), then the number increased from October and reached the peak in April. Monthly average in the latter period marked 5.7 times higher than that of the former. In the aspect of individuals, there is a significant difference between the two period (P<0.05) and it is discovered that the number of individuals in 2000s (Mean= 6923.50) was higher than that of 1990s (Mean=1211.00). Comparing individuals of gulls, herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and black-headed gulls for 8 years, it was found out that the herring gulls (Larus argentatus) showed the largest number (average=5313.13), followed by the black-headed gulls (average=4067.25) and gulls (average= 1207.63). The fluctuation on individuals of black-headed gulls in the mid-2000s (May, 2005 - April, 2006) recorded the average number of 472.75, then 113.50 in DMD, 244.00 in JJ and SJD, 635.25 in SJ and DY, 727.50 in LUD and 643.50 in USD, showing significant differences among regions (P<0.05)

Outward FDI does not necessarily cost domestic employment of MNEs at home: Evidence from Japanese MNEs

Outward FDI does not necessarily reduce domestic employment--it often boosts it. Evidence from Japanese MNEs show that they increase domestic employment in Japan when they conduct market-seeking, strategic asset-seeking, or efficiency-seeking FDI to expand domestic operations into foreign countries, and hence enhance their competitive advantages

A STUDY ON THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTENTION OF BLOG USAGE

Blogs are a new type of media that have recently become popular users on the World Wide Web and have influence throughout society. The purpose of this study is to examine social motivations influencing intention of blog usage. Based on Technology Acceptance Model and Motivation Theory, This study considered perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, reputation, reciprocity, enjoyment of helping, social identity as the determinants of influencing the intention of blog usage. The purposed model was empirically evaluated using online survey data collected from 342 user of popular blog site in Korea (NAVER Blog , cyworld mihompy, daum blog, yahoo blog etc) The results revealed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, reciprocity, social identity affected directly the intention of blog usage. Also social identity has moderate effect via reciprocity and enjoyment of helping on blog usage. This study contributes to a theoretical understanding of the factors as social motivation that affect the usage of blogs. Practically this study results provide blog service providers useful strategic insights and service guideline to enhance user\u27s intention of blogs

Human Brain Astrocytes Mediate TRAIL-mediated Apoptosis after Treatment with IFN-γ

TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) expressions were studied in primary human brain astrocytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. When astrocytes were treated with IL-1β, TNF-α or IFN-γ, TRAIL was induced in cultured fetal astrocytes. In particular, IFN-γ induced the highest levels of TRAIL in cultured astrocytes. When astrocytes were prereated with IFN-γ, they induced apoptosis in TRAIL-sensitive Peer cells. Our results suggest that IFN-γ modulates the expression of TRAIL in astrocytes, which may enhance cytotoxic sensitivity of infiltrating immune cells or brain cells other than astrocytes during inflammation of brain

To the Edge of M87 and Beyond: Spectroscopy of Intracluster Globular Clusters and Ultra Compact Dwarfs in the Virgo Cluster

We present the results from a wide-field spectroscopic survey of globular clusters (GCs) in the Virgo Cluster. We obtain spectra for 201 GCs and 55 ultracompact dwarfs (UCDs) using the Hectospec on the Multiple Mirror Telescope, and derive their radial velocities. We identify 46 genuine intracluster GCs (IGCs), not associated with any Virgo galaxies, using the 3D GMM test on the spatial and radial velocity distribution.They are located at the projected distance 200 kpc $\lesssim$ R $\lesssim$ 500 kpc from the center of M87. The radial velocity distribution of these IGCs shows two peaks, one at $v_{\rm r}$ = 1023 km s$^{-1}$ associated with the Virgo main body, and another at $v_{\rm r}$ = 36 km s$^{-1}$ associated with the infalling structure. The velocity dispersion of the IGCs in the Virgo main body is $\sigma_{\rm{GC}} \sim$ 314 km s$^{-1}$, which is smoothly connected to the velocity dispersion profile of M87 GCs, but much lower than that of dwarf galaxies in the same survey field, $\sigma_{\rm{dwarf}} \sim$ 608 km s$^{-1}$. The UCDs are more centrally concentrated on massive galaxies, M87, M86, and M84. The radial velocity dispersion of the UCD system is much smaller than that of dwarf galaxies. Our results confirm the large-scale distribution of Virgo IGCs indicated by previous photometric surveys. The color distribution of the confirmed IGCs shows a bimodality similar to that of M87 GCs. This indicates that most IGCs are stripped off from dwarf galaxies and some from massive galaxies in the Virgo.Comment: 19 pages, 20 figures, 8 tables, accepted for publication in Ap