A Comparison of Three and Two-Dimensional Analyses of Rockfill Dams in Narrow Valleys (A Case Study: The Vanyar Dam)

A two-dimensional analysis of the largest cross-section of earth dams may generate appropriate results provided that the dam is located in a U-shape valley. The Vanyar dam has been constructed in a narrow valley. With regard to the geometrical consideration of the valley, there is no plane strain condition throughout the long side of the dam. In this research, the results of three and two dimensional numerical analyses of the Vanyar dam are compared in terms of settlement, pore water pressure, and total vertical stress. These analyses were carried out by a finite difference method through FLAC-3D and FLAC-2D softwares. In order to verify the results of the analyses, the settlement data recorded by the instruments in the body of the dam are compared to those provided through the numerical analyses. The results of the three and two dimensional analysis show that the settlements in the upper half of the height of the dam have a suitable adaptation. Moreover, the two- dimensional analysis shows the settlements in the lower half of the height of the dam more than those shown by the three-dimensional analysis. Furthermore, in terms of total vertical stress and pore water pressure, the two-dimensional analysis shows the values throughout the height of the dam more than those shown by the threedimensional analysis

Postoperative residual block in postanesthesia care unit more than two hours after the administration of a single intubating dose of atracuriumFNx01

Background: Residual neuromuscular blockade continues to be a clinical problem after surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of residual paralysis in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) after a single intubating dose of twice of the 95% estimated dose (ED95) of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with an intermediate duration of action. Methods: Two hundred and sixteen patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia requiring tracheal intubation were included in the study. They received a single intubating dose of intravenous atracurium (0.5 mg/kg) to facilitate tracheal intubation. At the end of surgery, if train of four (TOF)-ratio was ≤ 0.9, neostigmine 40 μg/kg intravenously was given. If TOF-ratio was ≥ 0.9, no neostigmine was given. Also, in awake patients with TOF > 0.9, residual neuromuscular paralysis was evaluated by using clinical tests such as head lift test and tongue depressor test. Results: TOF was less than 0.9 in 48 (22.2%) patients while after 120 minutes, no patients had TOF less than 0.9. Of 33 patients whose operation lasted less than 120 minutes, 4 patients had TOF less than 0.9 at the end of surgery. There was no case of hypoventilation or hypoxia at PACU. The incidence of negative value in clinical tests was high. Conclusions: Our study gave the impression that more than two hours between the administration of a single intubating dose of an intermediate-acting nondepolarizing muscle relaxant (atracurium) and arrival to the PACU can probably guarantee the lack of a residual paralysis

Pathways from childhood trauma to suicidal ideation: mediating through difficulties in emotion regulation and depressive symptoms

Abstract Objective Suicidal ideation is a clinical exigency heightening the risk of suicide at different levels of suicidal behavior. This study sought to explore crucial correlates of this phenomenon with a structural equation modeling approach. Accordingly, the mediating role of depressive symptoms and difficulties in emotion regulation between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation were explored. Method The sample consisted of 372 university students (57.3% females, M = 20.75, SD = 2.25) who completed self-report measures examining experiences of childhood trauma, depressive symptoms, difficulties in emotion regulation, and suicidal ideation. Structural equation modeling was employed, and mediation analysis was conducted. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model of each construct before evaluating the conceptual mediated model. Results Findings indicate that depressive symptoms with difficulties in emotion regulation had the strongest association (r = 0.60, P = 0.001), then depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (r = 0.58, P = 0.001), suicidal ideation with difficulties in emotion regulation (r = 0.45, P = 0.001) then suicidal ideation with childhood trauma (r = 0.39, P = 0.001), difficulties in emotion regulation with childhood trauma (r = 0.36 P = 0.001) and finally depressive symptoms and childhood trauma (r = 0.35, P = 0.001). Regarding indirect paths, difficulties in emotion regulation and depression function together (in a sequential path) to mediate the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation ( χ 2 (68) = 216.86, P < 0.01, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.93, RMSE = 0.077, CI [0.066 to 0.089], SRMR = 0.049). Conclusion Results demonstrate that childhood trauma, depressive symptoms, and difficulties in emotion regulation are linked to suicidal ideation, highlighting the necessity of recognizing and addressing suicidal ideation as well as the factors that contribute to suicidal ideation. Emotion regulation interventions can be effective in reducing the negative effects of childhood trauma and lowering the risk of suicide. These interventions can help in reducing depressive symptoms and improve overall mental well-being, leading to a lower risk of suicide