Individual, social, and environmental factors affecting salivary and fecal cortisol levels in captive pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor)

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Price, E., Coleman, R., Ahsmann, J., Glendewar, G., Hunt, J., Smith, T. & Wormell, D. (2019). Individual, social, and environmental factors affecting salivary and fecal cortisol levels in captive pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor). American Journal of Primatology, 81(8), which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23033. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-ArchivingPied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) are endangered New World primates, and in captivity appear to be very susceptible to stress. We measured cortisol in 214 saliva samples from 36 tamarins and in 227 fecal samples from 27 tamarins, and investigated the effects of age, sex, pregnancy, rearing history, social status, weight, group composition, and enclosure type using generalized linear mixed models. There was no effect of age on either fecal or salivary cortisol levels. Female pied tamarins in late pregnancy had higher fecal cortisol levels than those in early pregnancy, or nonpregnant females, but there was no effect of pregnancy on salivary cortisol. Females had higher salivary cortisol levels than males, but there was no effect of rearing history. However, for fecal cortisol, there was an interaction between sex and rearing history. Hand‐reared tamarins overall had higher fecal cortisol levels, but while male parent‐reared tamarins had higher levels than females who were parent‐ reared, the reverse was true for hand‐reared individuals. There was a trend towards lower fecal cortisol levels in subordinate individuals, but no effect of status on salivary cortisol. Fecal but not salivary cortisol levels declined with increasing weight. We found little effect of group composition on cortisol levels in either saliva or feces, suggesting that as long as tamarins are housed socially, the nature of the group is of less importance. However, animals in off‐show enclosures had higher salivary and fecal cortisol levels than individuals housed on‐show. We suggest that large on‐show enclosures with permanent access to off‐exhibit areas may compensate for the effects of visitor disturbance, and a larger number of tamarins of the same species housed close together may explain the higher cortisol levels found in tamarins living in off‐show accommodation, but further research is needed

Die Entstehung des jugoslawischen Staates : Eine völkerrechtlich-politische Studie

Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität zu Berlin, Dissertation, 1929von Erwin Holze

Untersuchungen zum individuellen Umweltbewusstsein

SIGLEUuStB Koeln=38*-900106281 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Analyse der Bedingungen fuer die Transformation von Umweltbewusstsein in umweltschonendes Verhalten

Der Band informiert ueber ein Forschungsprojekt zur 'Ermittlung und Analyse von Faktoren, die der Umsetzung des Umweltbewusstseins in umweltfreundliches Verhalten und Handeln im Wege stehen. Mit verschiedenen empirischen Erhebungsmethoden, darunter sekundaeranalytische Auswertungen, eine Exegese von Beurteilungen eines Alltagsszenarios, Auswertungen von Betriebsinterviews und Expertengespraechen mit Landwirten, einer schriftlich-postalischen Befragung einer repraesentativen Stichprobe von 1.039 Personen, 60 leitfadenorientierte Interviews, zwei Gruppendiskussionen und drei Fallstudien, wurden Informationen erhoben, die eine Identifizierung der Restriktionspotentiale moeglich machten. Die Grundstimmung des Menschen, ausgedrueckt in optimistischen oder pessimistischen Zukunftsbetrachtungen und Angst vor Umweltgefahren und Bedrohungen sind eine Seite von Faktoren, die Beurteilungen von Verhaltensoptionen wie umweltfreundliche Kaufentscheidungen, rationellen Einsatz von Energie, Mobilitaetsverhalten oder Umweltengagement beeinflussen. Die andere Seite der Faktoren beinhaltet Wissen ueber umweltfreundliche Verhaltensmoeglichkeiten. Werden umweltfreundliche Verhaltensoptionen gut beurteilt, bewirkt dies ein hoeheres Mass an umweltfreundlichem Verhalten und Handeln, das noch verstaerkt wird durch den Wunsch, die persoenliche Wohnumweltqualitaet zu verbessern. Es zeigte sich, dass die Bereitschaft zum Handeln weit groesser ist als die Moeglichkeiten, diese mit angemessenem Aufwand auch tatsaechlich umzusetzen. Deutlich wird die Notwendigkeit klarer politischer Vorgaben, fuer Veraenderungen in der Produktions- und Distributionslinie fuer Konsumgueter, von Anreizen und Erleichterungen beim Umsteigen vom Individualverkehr zum Oeffentlichen Personennahverkehr oder bei Umorientierungen im Energieverbrauchssektor. Dafuer wurde im Ergebnis ein Aktionsplan fuer verschiedene Interventionsebenen entwickelt.' (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Available from IAB-6152 BE 335 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Cognitive impairment by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis: Analysis of gut microbiota-brain communication

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that disruption of the gut microbial community (dysbiosis) impairs mental health. Germ-free mice and antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis are two approaches to establish causality in gut microbiota-brain relationships. However, both models have limitations, as germ-free mice display alterations in blood-brain barrier and brain ultrastructure and antibiotics may act directly on the brain. We hypothesized that the concerns related to antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can only adequately be addressed if the effect of intragastric treatment of adult mice with multiple antibiotics on (i) gut microbial community, (ii) metabolite profile in the colon, (iii) circulating metabolites, (iv) expression of neuronal signaling molecules in distinct brain areas and (v) cognitive behavior is systematically investigated. Of the antibiotics used (ampicillin, bacitracin, meropenem, neomycin, vancomycin), ampicillin had some oral bioavailability but did not enter the brain. 16S rDNA sequencing confirmed antibiotic-induced microbial community disruption, and metabolomics revealed that gut dysbiosis was associated with depletion of bacteria-derived metabolites in the colon and alterations of lipid species and converted microbe-derived molecules in the plasma. Importantly, novel object recognition, but not spatial, memory was impaired in antibiotic-treated mice. This cognitive deficit was associated with brain region-specific changes in the expression of cognition-relevant signaling molecules, notably brain-derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter and neuropeptide Y system. We conclude that circulating metabolites and the cerebral neuropeptide Y system play an important role in the cognitive impairment and dysregulation of cerebral signaling molecules due to antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis

Deletion of Monoglyceride Lipase in Astrocytes Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation

Monoglyceride lipase (MGL) is required for efficient hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG) in the brain generating arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. This metabolic function makes MGL an interesting target for the treatment of neuroinflammation, since 2-AG exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and AA is a precursor for pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Astrocytes are an important source of AA and 2-AG, and highly express MGL. In the present study, we dissected the distinct contribution of MGL in astrocytes on brain 2-AG and AA metabolism by generating a mouse model with genetic deletion of MGL specifically in astrocytes (MKOGFAP). MKOGFAP mice exhibit moderately increased 2-AG and reduced AA levels in brain. Minor accumulation of 2-AG in the brain of MKOGFAP mice does not cause cannabinoid receptor desensitization as previously observed in mice globally lacking MGL. Importantly, MKOGFAP mice exhibit reduced brain prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels upon peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. These observations indicate that MGL-mediated degradation of 2-AG in astrocytes provides AA for prostaglandin synthesis promoting LPS-induced neuroinflammation. The beneficial effect of astrocytespecific MGL-deficiency is not fully abrogated by the inverse cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist SR141716 (Rimonabant) suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects are rather caused by reduced prostaglandin synthesis than by activation of cannabinoid receptors. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MGL in astrocytes is an important regulator of 2-AG levels, AA availability, and neuroinflammatio