Small Angular Scale Simulations of the Microwave Sky

We describe and compare two types of microwave sky simulations which are good for small angular scales. The first type uses expansions in spherical harmonics, and the second one is based on plane waves and the Fast Fourier Transform. The angular power spectrum is extracted from maps corresponding to both types of simulations, and the resulting spectra are appropriately compared. In this way, the features and usefulness of Fourier simulations are pointed out. For $\ell \geq 100$, all the simulations lead to similar accuracies; however, the CPU cost of Fourier simulations is $\sim 10$ times smaller than that for spherical harmonic simulations. For $\ell \leq 100$, the simulations based on spherical harmonics seem to be preferable.Comment: 16 pages (LATEX), 2 postcript figures. Accepted in Ap

Osmolality of liquid oral medicines

Osmolalidad, como pH y viscosidad son parámetros a considerar para la administración de fármacos por sonda pospilórica. Si bien la literatura no es exactamente coincidente, la osmolalidad no debería ser mayor a 500-600 mOsm/kg ya que valores superiores podrían causar distensión abdominal e irritación de la mucosa intestinal. Este dato no se encuentra disponible en la información provista por el laboratorio para las formas farmacéuticas líquidas orales. Objetivos: Determinación de la osmolalidad de 16 presentaciones líquidas de uso oral: jarabes, soluciones y suspensiones, comercializadas en la República Argentina. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional con 16 medicamentos elegidos al azar en formas farmacéuticas líquidas, entre las cuales se incluyeron diferentes marcas de un mismo principio activo. Se determinó su osmolalidad (en mOsm/kg de H2O) con un osmómetro μOSMETTE Model 5004 de PRECISION SYSTEMS. Resultados y discusión: De las presentaciones medidas, 12 tienen una osmolalidad superior a 600 mOsm/kg, por lo que requerirán ser diluidas para su administración pospilórica. Dis- tintas especialidades con un mismo principio activo dan valores muy diferentes, depen- diendo de sus excipientes. Conclusiones: Debe tenerse en cuenta los diferentes valores de osmolalidad que presentan distintas especialidades conteniendo un mismo principio activo. Ante la dificultad que im- plica su determinación y el probable error que se cometería al utilizar información prove- niente de otros países, sería útil que la osmolalidad fuera incluida como parte de la información del medicamento, especificando si es conveniente diluirlo para esta forma de administración.Osmolality as well as pH and viscosity are parameters to take into account when me- dicines must be administered via long enteral feeding tubes. Literature is not coincident about osmolality limits, but it shouldn ́t be over 500- 600 mOsm/Kg because it could produce abdominal pain and irritation of the intestinal mucose. This fact is not included by the manufacturers in the product information in our country. Objective: To determine osmolality of 16 different oral liquid medicines chosen ran- domly, syrups, solutions and suspensions, marketed in the Argentine Republic. Material and methods: An observational study was performed selecting randomly 16 liquid oral medicines, including different brands of the same active ingredient. Osmo- lality was determined, in mOsm/kg, by using an osmometer μOsmette Model 5004 from Precison Systems Results: 12 out of 16 had an osmolality over 600 mOsm/kg and should be diluted be- fore postpyloric administration. Different brands with the same active ingredient show very different values depending on their excipients. Conclusions: Different osmolalities of medicines containing the same active ingredient must be taken into account. Osmolality measurements are sometimes difficult to per- form and errors could be made if values from foreign medicines ́ brands are conside- red. It would be of great benefit if manufacturers included information about postpyloric administration of liquid medicines, especially if they must be diluted.Fil: Grunbaum, Julia E.. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Lopez Holtmann, G. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Elesgaray, Rosana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Humana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentin

Abdominaler Schmerz

Zusammenfassung: Abdominalschmerzen können Ausdruck einer Vielzahl intra- und extraabdomineller Erkrankungen sein. Angesichts dieses breiten ätiologischen Spektrums gilt es, im Initialstadium der Diagnostik zielgerichtet vorzugehen, um ohne Zeitverzug die Ursache und damit letzlich die Dringlichkeit weitergehender Maßnahmen zu bestimmen. Ziel dieser Evaluation ist eine initiale risikostratifizierte Triagierung des Patienten. Im Gegensatz zu somatischen Ursachen abdominalen Schmerzes ist eine derartige kausale Therapie bei funktionellen Erkrankungen des Gastrointestinaltraktes zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt nur sehr begrenzt möglich, sodass hierbei der Fokus auf eine bedarfs- und symptomadaptierte Behandlung gelegt werden sol

Reggeon and pion contributions in semi-exclusive diffractive processes at HERA

A detailed analysis of semi-exclusive diffractive processes in e-p DIS at HERA, with the diffractive final states in the forward direction is presented. The contributions of the subleading f_2, \omega, a_2, \rho reggeons and the pion exchanges to the diffractive structure function with the forward proton or neutron are estimated. It is found that the (a_2,\rho) reggeons are entirely responsible for the forward neutron production at x_P < 10^{-3}. The \pi N production in the forward region is estimated using the Deck mechanism. The significance of this reaction for the processes measured at HERA, especially with the leading neutron, is discussed.Comment: Strongly revised version accepted for publication in Phys.Rev.D. Latex, 14 pages with 5 eps figures include

On the Flavor Structure of the Constituent Quark

We discuss the dressing of constituent quarks with a pseudoscalar meson cloud within the effective chiral quark model. SU(3) flavor symmetry breaking effects are included explicitly. Our results are compared with those of the traditional meson cloud approach in which pions are coupled to the nucleon. The pionic dressing of the constituent quarks explains the experimentally observed violation of the Gottfried Sum Rule and leads to an enhanced nonperturbative sea of quark-antiquark pairs in the constituent quark and consequently in the nucleon. We find 2.5 times more pions and 10-15 times more kaons in the nucleon than in the traditional picture.Comment: 7 pages, LaTeX, 4 Postscript figures, to appear in J. Phys.

Information, Employer Size, Training, and Wage Growth

We posit that larger employers possess greater information than smaller employers about the effects of on-the-job training (OJT) investments on the productivity of their workers. As a result, larger employers pay a greater percentage of OJT costs, and OJT is effectively more firm-specific at larger firms. Supporting our model, we find: (1) the positive effect of productivity growth on wage growth is smaller in larger plants; (2) the adverse effect of minimum wage on wage growth is smaller in larger plants; and (3) the negative effect of initial OJT investments on starting wages is smaller in larger plants.Firm; Firms; On the Job Training; Pay; Productivity; Training; Wage