Female scholars need to achieve more for equal public recognition

Different kinds of "gender gap" have been reported in different walks of the scientific life, almost always favouring male scientists over females. In this work, for the first time, we present a large-scale empirical analysis to ask whether female scientists with the same level of scientific accomplishment are as likely as males to be recognised. We particularly focus on Wikipedia, the open online encyclopedia that its open nature allows us to have a proxy of community recognition. We calculate the probability of appearing on Wikipedia as a scientist for both male and female scholars in three different fields. We find that women in Physics, Economics and Philosophy are considerable less likely than men to be recognised on Wikipedia across all levels of achievement.Comment: Under revie

Jan Matulka: The Unknown Modernist

Although he was active during the height of the avant-garde in Paris and was responsible for germinating the ides of modern art in the United States, Jan Matulka is unknown to many and left out of the narrative of American art history. Art history is self-perpetuating, and many important figures have been left out of pushed to the periphery. It is the job of a curator to question the status-quo and present new perspectives. This paper discusses the planning and implementation of the exhibition Jan Matulka: The Unknown Modernist and accompanying online exhibition catalog at the Flint Institute of Arts. While planning, curatorial best practices were adhered to and are outlined.Master of ArtsArts AdministrationUniversity of Michigan-Flinthttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156388/1/Holstege2020.pdfDescription of Holstege2020.pdf : thesi

The nucleus retroambiguus control of respiration

The role of the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the context of respiration control has been subject of debate for considerable time. To solve this problem, we chemically (using d, L-homocysteic acid) stimulated the NRA in unanesthetized precollicularly decerebrated cats and studied the respiratory effect via simultaneous measurement of tracheal pressure and electromyograms of diaphragm, internal intercostal (IIC), cricothyroid (CT), and external oblique abdominal (EO) muscles, NRA-stimulation 0-1 mm caudal to the obex resulted in recruitment of IIC muscle and reduction in respiratory frequency. NRA-stimulation 1-3 mm caudal to the obex produced vocalization along with CT activation and slight increase in tracheal pressure, but no change in respiratory frequency. NRA-stimulation 3-5 mm caudal to the obex produced CT muscle activation and an increase in respiratory frequency, but no vocalization. NRA-stimulation 5-8 mm caudal to the obex produced EO muscle activation and reduction in respiratory frequency. A change to the inspiratory effort was never observed, regardless of which NRA part was stimulated. The results demonstrate that NRA does not control eupneic inspiration but consists of topographically separate groups of premotor interneurons each producing detailed motor actions. These motor activities have in common that they require changes to eupneic breathing. Different combination of activation of these premotor neurons determines the final outcome, e.g., vocalization, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, mating posture, or child delivery. Higher brainstem regions such as the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) decides which combination of NRA neurons are excited. In simple terms, the NRA is the piano, the PAG one of the piano players

Emotions Studied by Imaging of the Human Brain:The Somatic and Emotional Motor Systems

The brain has only two goals, survival of the individual and survival of the species. One of the most important tools to accomplish these goals is the motor system, which includes the somatic or voluntary motor system and the emotional motor system (EMS). The EMS is equally or even more important than the somatic motor system. In humans, the cortex cerebri with the corticospinal tract plays the most important role in the somatic motor system, while in the EMS, the periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a central role controlling nociception, cardiovascular changes, respiration, micturition, parturition, defecation, vocalization, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, mating behavior, pupil dilation, and defensive posture.</p

A glycinergic projection from the ventromedial lower brainstem to spinal motoneurons. An ultrastructural double labeling study in rat

__Abstract__ In the present study it was determined whether glycine was present in the descending brainstem projections to spinal motoneurons in the rat. For this purpose injections of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made in the ventromedial part of the lower brainstem at the levels of the rostral inferior olive and the caudal facial nucleus. After perfusion, WGA-HRP histochemistry was performed, followed by the postembedding immunogold tehncque with an antbody against glycine. Electron microscopical examination of the lumbar motoneuronal cell groups showed that 15% of the WGA-HRP labeled terminals, derived from the ventromedial reticular formation, were also labeled for glycine. The majority (91%) of these double labeled terminal were of the F-type (containing many flattened vesicles), while the remaining 9% were of the S-type (containing mostly sphetical vesicles). Many of the double labeled terminals established a synapse, mostly with proximal and distal dendrites. The present data, combined with our previous findings that 40% of the projections from the same ventromedial brainstem area to lumbar motoneurons contained γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), indicate that over 50% of these brainstem projections contain GABA and/or glycine, exerting a direct inhibition effect on spinal motoneurons. The possibility that the glycinergic fibers within these projections play an important role in producing muscle atonia during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is discussed

Removing Spurious Concepts from Neural Network Representations via Joint Subspace Estimation

Out-of-distribution generalization in neural networks is often hampered by spurious correlations. A common strategy is to mitigate this by removing spurious concepts from the neural network representation of the data. Existing concept-removal methods tend to be overzealous by inadvertently eliminating features associated with the main task of the model, thereby harming model performance. We propose an iterative algorithm that separates spurious from main-task concepts by jointly identifying two low-dimensional orthogonal subspaces in the neural network representation. We evaluate the algorithm on benchmark datasets for computer vision (Waterbirds, CelebA) and natural language processing (MultiNLI), and show that it outperforms existing concept removal methodsComment: Preprint. Under Review. 33 page

The road to successful geriatric rehabilitation

Due to the rising life expectancy and improved treatment possibilities of chronic illness and acute care, the group of older persons will continue to increase worldwide. Concurrently, the number of older people with multi-morbidities in acute care will also increase. Geriatric rehabilitation is important for this specific population, because it has a positive effect on the improvement of functioning after hospitalization, and leads to less re-admissions to nursing homes/hospitals and to lower mortality rates.Geriatric rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary set of evaluative, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions with the purpose to restore functioning or enhance residual functional capacity in older people with disabling impairments. Geriatric rehabilitation treatment has a multidisciplinary patient-centered approach.Internationally, post-acute care rehabilitation is provided in different settings. In the Netherlands, geriatric rehabilitation is provided in the post-acute care setting of skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). However, because geriatric rehabilitation is a relatively young field of research we are still in the early stages of exploring which aspects of structure and processes may help to improve successful geriatric rehabilitation outcomes.The general aim of this thesis is to investigate various aspects of the structure and processes in geriatric rehabilitation in relation to the outcome of successful rehabilitation.LUMC / Geneeskunde Repositoriu